Chapter 56.3, Problem 1R

Summary Introduction

To review:

The direct and indirect changes in interactions and effects on aspen forests, which would take place, if wolves were excluded from the Yellowstone National Park.

Introduction:

In the Yellowstone National Park, gray wolves are secondary or tertiary consumers. They eat bison, elk, and coyotes. Although elk are also consumed by coyotes and grizzly bears, the effect of gray wolves is much greater in the food web.