Concept explainers
Torricelli's Law Torricelli’s Law states that water will flow from an opening at the bottom of a tank with the same speed that it would attain falling from the surface of the water to the opening. One of the forms of Torricelli’s Law is
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Chapter 6 Solutions
Calculus
- Speed of a Skidding Car Police use the formula s=30fd To estimate the speed s (in mi/h) at which a car is traveling if it skids d feet after the brakes are applied suddenly. The number f is the coefficient of friction of the road, which is a measured of the “slipperiness” of the road. The table gives some typical estimates for f . If a car skids 65 ft. on wet concrete, how fast was is moving when the brakes were applied? If a car is traveling at 50 mi/h, how far will it skid on wet tar?arrow_forwardFalling-Body Problems Suppose an object t dropped from a height h0 above the ground. Then its height after t seconds is given by h=16t2+h0 , where h ¡s measured in feet. Use this information Lo solve the problem. If a ball is dropped from 288 ft above the ground, how bug does it take to reach ground level?arrow_forwardRelativistic Length A rocket ship travelling near the speed of light appears to a stationary observer to shorten with speed. A rocket ship with a length of 200 meters will appear to a stationary observer to have a length of 2001-r2 meters, where r is the ratio of the velocity of the ship to the speed of light. What is the apparent length of the rocket ship if it is travelling at a speed that is 99% of the speed of light?arrow_forward
- Radius of a Shock Wave An explosion produces a spherical shock wave whose radius R expands rapidly. The rate of expansion depends on the energy E of the explosion and the elapsed time t since the explosion. For many explosions, the relation is approximated closely by R=4.16E0.2t0.4. Here R is the radius in centimeters, E is the energy in ergs, and t is the elapsed time in seconds. The relation is valid only for very brief periods of time, perhaps a second or so in duration. a. An explosion of 50 pounds of TNT produces an energy of about 1015 ergs. See Figure 2.71. How long is required for the shock wave to reach a point 40 meters 4000 centimeters away? b. A nuclear explosion releases much more energy than conventional explosions. A small nuclear device of yield 1 kiloton releases approximately 91020 ergs. How long would it take for the shock wave from such an explosion to reach a point 40 meters away? c. The shock wave from a certain explosion reaches a point 50 meters away in 1.2 seconds. How much energy was released by the explosion? The values of E in parts a and b may help you set an appropriate window. Note: In 1947, the government released film of the first nuclear explosion in 1945, but the yield of the explosion remained classified. Sir Geoffrey Taylor used the film to determine the rate of expansion of the shock wave and so was able to publish a scientific paper concluding correctly that the yield was in the 20-kiloton range.arrow_forwardAir Temperature As dry air moves upward, it expand and, in so doing, cools at a rate of about 1°C for each 100-meter rise, up to about 12 km. (a) If the ground temperature is 20°C, write a formula for the temperature at height h. (b) What range of temperatures can be expected if an air plane lakes off and reaches a maximum height of 5 km?arrow_forwardThe Beer-Lambert Law As sunlight passes through the waters of lakes and oceans, the light is absorbed, and the deeper it penetrates, the more its intensity diminishes. The light intensity I at depth x is given by the Beer-Lambert Law: I=I0ekx where I0 is the light intensity at the surface and k is a constant that depends on the murkiness of the water see page 402. A biologist uses a photometer to investigate light penetration in a northern lake, obtaining the data in the table. Light intensity decreases exponentially with depth. Use a graphing calculator to find an exponential function of the form given by the Beer-Lambert Law to model these data. What is the light intensity I0 at the surface on this day, and what is the murkiness constant k for this lake? Hint: If your calculator gives you a function of the form I=abx, convert this to the form you want using the identities bx=eln(bx)=exlnb. See Example 1b. Make a scatter plot of the data, and graph the function that you found in part a on your scatter plot. If the light intensity drops below 0.15 lumen lm, a certain species of algae cant survive because photosynthesis is impossible. Use your model from part a to determine the depth below which there is insufficient light to support this algae. Depth ft Light intensity lm Depth ft Light intensity lm 5 10 15 20 13.0 7.6 4.5 2.7 25 30 35 40 1.8 1.1 0.5 0.3arrow_forward
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