(a)
Interpretation: The explanation corresponding to the given statement, “the homolysis of the
Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.
Resonance is the delocalisation of
(b)
Interpretation: The reason for the shorter
Concept introduction: The bond length is inversely related to the bond strength. Bond length is defined as the distance between the centers of the nuclei of two bonded atoms in a molecule. It is determined by bond order. The increasing
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- Draw an energy diagram for each reaction. Label the axes, the starting material, product, transition state, ΔH°, and Ea. a. a concerted reaction with ΔH° = –80 kJ/mol and Ea = 16 kJ/mol b. a two-step reaction, A → B → C, in which the relative energy of the compounds is A < C < B, and the step A → B is rate-determiningarrow_forwardWhat about the second step in the electrophilic addition of HCl to an alkene-the reaction of chloride ion with the carbocation intermediate? Is this step exergonic or endergonic? Does the transition state for this second step resemble the reactant (carbocation) or the product (alkyl chloride)? Make a rough diagram of what the transition state may look like?arrow_forwardFree radical halogenation is used to replace one or more hydrogens on an alkane with one or more halogens (either chlorine or bromine). It is a substitution reaction. A student performs a free radical bromination on 3-methyl-pentane (5.88 g) to create the desired product of 3-bromo-3-methyl-pentane. The product mix, which hopefully contains almost all 3-bromo-3-methyl-pentane, is cleaned up by passing it through a gas chromoatograph, which separates out the 3-bromo-3-methyl-pentane from any undesired products made during the reaction (undesired products are created frequently in free radical halogenation). The initial product mix weighed 9.45 g; the purified 3-bromo-3-methyl-pentane weighed 7.21 g. What is the student's percent recovery?arrow_forward
- 2. In the bromination reactions, what is the function of CCl4? Why can it fulfil its role?3. Bromination proceeds by either free radical substitution or electrophillic addition. Based on Table 3, which mechanism is followed by alkanes? by alkenes? by alkynes?4. For which hydrocarbon type is light necessary for bromination to take place?arrow_forwardDraw an energy diagram for each reaction. Label the axes, the startingmaterial, product, transition state, ΔHo, and Ea.a.) a concerted reaction with ΔHo = −80 kJ/mol and Ea = 16 kJ/molb.) a two-step reaction, A → B → C, in which the relative energy of thecompounds is A < C < B, and the step A → B is rate-determiningarrow_forwardDraw an energy diagram for each reaction. Label the axes, the starting material, product, transition state, ?H°, and Ea.a. a concerted reaction with ?H° = –80 kJ/mol and Ea = 16 kJ/molb. a two-step reaction, A -> B ->C, in which the relative energy of the compounds is A < C < B, and the step A -> B is rate-determining.arrow_forward
- What reaction would acetylene likely undergo if it were kept at 1500 °C for too long?9arrow_forwardDraw an energy diagram for the SN2 reaction on the previous page. Your reaction coordinate diagram should: Include structures of starting materials, products, and transition states at correct relative energies. Indicate the activation energy of the rate determining step and whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic. What makes this reaction endothermic or exothermic?arrow_forwardExplain the importance of Pericyclic Reactions? Why should we study ?arrow_forward
- The reaction product below is a vinyl halide. Considering the vinyl halide formation reaction, what happens to the reaction rate if the hydrogen halide concentration is doubled and the hydrocarbon concentration remains constant? doubles the speed of vinyl halide formation quadruples the rate of formation of vinyl halide triples the speed of formation of vinyl halide doubles the rate of hydrogen halide formation naharrow_forwardOrganic chemistry:Difference between sn1 and SN2 reactionsarrow_forward1) Sketch an energy diagram that would show the following:A) An exothermic reaction that is thermodynamically favorable and would occur quickly.B) An exothermic reaction that is thermodynamically favorable and would not occur at a measureablerate.C) An endothermic reaction that is thermodynamically favorable and would occur quickly.arrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage LearningOrganic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning