Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(b)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(c)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(d)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(e)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
(f)
Interpretation:
For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.
Concept Introduction:
Electronic effect:
Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.
Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.
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Essential Organic Chemistry (3rd Edition)