(a) Interpretation: Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg + is to be done when there is a natural gas air flame of temperature 1800 K. Concept introduction: Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as- N j N o = g j g o exp ( − E j k T ) ......... (1) And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula- E j = h c λ ......... (2) Where, h= Planck’s constant c = light velocity λ= wavelength Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state

Question

1. Draw simple atomic energy level diagrams showing the following processes: Atomic Absorption Atomic Emission Atomic Fluorescence 2. Explain what a nebulizer is and what it does. 3. Why is an inductively-coupled plasma generally a better tool for atomic emission than a flame?

Answer 1

Question

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Chapter 8, Problem 8.9QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a natural gas air flame of temperature 1800 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a hydrogen - oxygen flame of 2950K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is an inductively −coupled plasma source of 7250 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

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1. Draw simple atomic energy level diagrams showing the following processes: Atomic Absorption Atomic Emission Atomic Fluorescence 2. Explain what a nebulizer is and what it does. 3. Why is an inductively-coupled plasma generally a better tool for atomic emission than a flame?

Assume that the states of the π electrons of a conjugated molecule can be approximated by the wavefunctions of a particle in a one-dimensional box, and that the magnitude of the dipole moment can be related to the displacement along this length by μ = −ex. Show that the transition probability for the transition n = 1 → n = 2 is non-zero, whereas that for n = 1 → n = 3 is zero. Hints: The following relation will be useful: sin x sin y = 1/2cos(x − y) − 1/2cos(x + y). Relevant integrals are given in the Resource section.

What is the threshold frequency ν0 of cesium?

Answer 2

Question

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Chapter 8, Problem 8.9QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a natural gas air flame of temperature 1800 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a hydrogen - oxygen flame of 2950K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is an inductively −coupled plasma source of 7250 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 3

Question

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Chapter 8, Problem 8.9QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a natural gas air flame of temperature 1800 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a hydrogen - oxygen flame of 2950K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is an inductively −coupled plasma source of 7250 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

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Chapter 8, Problem 8.9QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a natural gas air flame of temperature 1800 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a hydrogen - oxygen flame of 2950K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is an inductively −coupled plasma source of 7250 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

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Answer 6

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100%

Answer 7

Chapter 8, Problem 8.9QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a natural gas air flame of temperature 1800 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a hydrogen - oxygen flame of 2950K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is an inductively −coupled plasma source of 7250 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

Answer 8

Chapter 8, Problem 8.9QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a natural gas air flame of temperature 1800 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state

Answer 9

Chapter 8, Problem 8.9QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a natural gas air flame of temperature 1800 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a hydrogen - oxygen flame of 2950K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a hydrogen - oxygen flame of 2950K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is an inductively −coupled plasma source of 7250 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is an inductively −coupled plasma source of 7250 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

NjNo=gjgoexp(−EjkT) ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

Ej=hcλ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

Answer 14

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Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.1QAP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.2QAP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.3QAP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.4QAP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.5QAP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.6QAP Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.7QAP Ch. 8 - The Doppler effect is one of the sources of the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 8.9QAP Ch. 8 - In high-temperature sources, sodium atoms emit a...

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