Concept explainers
Rational functions of trigonometric functions An integrand with trigonometric functions in the numerator and denominator can often be converted to a rational integrand using the substitution u = tan (x/2) or equivalently x = 2 tan−1 u. The following relations are used in making this change of variables.
88. Verify relation A by differentiating x = 2 tan−1 u. Verify relations B and C using a right-triangle diagram and the double-angle formulas
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CALCULUS:EARLY TRANSCENDENTALS-PACKAGE
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