BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS+APPL.(LOOSELEAF)
BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS+APPL.(LOOSELEAF)
10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305967359
Author: STARR
Publisher: CENGAGE L
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Question
Chapter 9, Problem 16SA
Summary Introduction

a.

To determine:

The term that describes “protein-coding segment”.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 16SA

Correct answer:

Protein-coding segment: Exon.

Explanation of Solution

mRNA is composed of two regions, one is the intron and the other is the exon. The non-coding part of mRNA is called intron. However, the coding part is known as an exon. It has been observed that introns interfere during the process of translation. Exons have the ability to code for amino acids. These amino codes join together by peptide bonds to form proteins. Therefore, the protein-coding segment of mRNA is called exon.

Summary Introduction

b.

To determine:

The term that describes “transcription begins here”.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 16SA

Correct answer:

Transcription begins here: Promoter.

Explanation of Solution

RNA polymerase is the enzyme that plays an important role in transcription. It attaches to DNA by the help of a binding site. This binding site is known as the promoter. The promoter site is a particular sequence of DNA which is complementary to RNA polymerase. As a result, the RNA polymerase binds to promoter site of DNA and starts the transcription process. Therefore, promoter is the region at which transcription starts.

Summary Introduction

c.

To determine:

The term that describes “read as base triplets”.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 16SA

Correct answer:

Read as base triplets: Genetic message.

Explanation of Solution

mRNA stands for “messenger RNA”. It is a type of RNA molecule. The major function of mRNA is to carry a translatable message. It also contains the genetic messages. The mRNA consists of many bases. A collection of three bases that has the capability to code for a particular amino acid is called codon. Codons are present in the mRNA. The mRNA reads genetic messages as base triplets.

Summary Introduction

d.

To determine:

The term that describes “removed before translation”.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 16SA

Correct answer:

Removed before translation: Intron.

Explanation of Solution

mRNA is composed of two regions, one is the intron and the other is the exon. The non-coding part of mRNA is called intron. However, the coding part is known as an exon. It has been observed that introns interfere during the process of translation. As a result, the transcribed mRNA undergo some modification changes. In these changes, the intron region is removed from the

Summary Introduction

e.

To determine:

The term that describes “occurs only in groups”.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 16SA

Correct answer:

Occurs only in groups: Polysome.

Explanation of Solution

The ribosome is the cell organelle that has the capability to synthesize proteins. The process of conversion of mRNA into proteins is termed as translation. Ribosome plays an important role in translation process. The collection of ribosome is termed as polysome. This type of collection increases the synthesis of proteins. Polysomes always occur in groups.

Summary Introduction

f.

To determine:

The term that describes “64 codons”.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 16SA

Correct answer:

64 codons: Genetic code.

Explanation of Solution

A collection of three bases that has the capability to code for a particular amino acid is called codon. Codons are present in the mRNA. There are 64 codons present in the mRNA. Genetic code is formed by the combination of all the codons present in mRNA. However, the environment contains only twenty amino acids. Three bases form one amino acid. Therefore, genetic code is the collection of 64 codons.

Summary Introduction

g.

To determine:

The term that describes “destroy ribosomes”.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 16SA

Correct answer:

Destroy ribosomes: RIP.

Explanation of Solution

RIP stands for “ Ribosome-inactivating protein”. These are the protein molecules that have the capability to destroy the ribosome. This creates interference in the translation process. Ribosomes are the organelles that show active participation in protein synthesis. They help in translation. However, RIP destroys the ribosomes and stops translation process.

Summary Introduction

h.

To determine:

The term that describes “often causes a frameshift”.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 16SA

Correct answer:

Often causes a frameshift: Deletion.

Explanation of Solution

Mutation is defined as the changes in the genetic material of an organism. There are different types of mutation, such as frameshift mutation and so on. Generally, mutation occurs either due to insertion or deletion in the genetic material. Frameshift is caused due to the deletion of a nucleotide from the genetic material. This interferes with the normal functioning of the cell.

Summary Introduction

i.

To determine:

The term that describes “enzymatic RNA”.

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 16SA

Correct answer:

Enzymatic RNA: rRNA.

Explanation of Solution

Every organism present in nature contains genetic material. There are two types of genetic material. These are DNA and RNA. DNA stands for “Deoxyribonucleic acid” and RNA represents “Ribonucleic acid”. RNA is of three types, “mRNA, tRNA and rRNA”. Ribosome contains rRNA . rRNA acts as a catalyst. It helps in the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to form proteins. The tRNA is not a protein molecule. It is an enzyme that increases the protein synthesis by providing suitable conditions for translation.

Summary Introduction

j.

To determine:

The term that describes “binds to codon

Expert Solution
Check Mark

Answer to Problem 16SA

Correct answer:

Binds to codon: Anticodon.

Explanation of Solution

The mRNA consists of many bases. A collection of three bases that has the capability to code for a particular amino acid is called codon. Codons are present in the mRNA. These codons attach with the anticodon part of tRNA to synthesize amino acid. The anticodon part of tRNA is complementary to the codon part of mRNA. As a result, codon and anticodons join together and undergo a translation process to produce proteins.

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Students have asked these similar questions
Match the terms with the best description.____ genetic message          a. protein-coding segment____ promoter                      b. transcription begins here____ polysome                     c. read as base triplets____ exon                            d. removed before translation____ genetic code               e. occurs only in groups____ intron                          f. 64 codons____ anticodon                   g. destroys ribosomes____ RIP                              h. often causes a frameshift____ deletion                       i. enzymatic RNA____ rRNA                            j. binds to a codon
3’ TACAATGGGCGACGCGCTTCGTTTCAGATT 5’   5’ ATGTTACCCGCTGCGCGAAGCAAAGTCTAA 3’   Make vertical lines between codons to make this assignment easier to do.  Which strand is the template strand?  The first strand is the template strand as it going 3-5   Copy the template strand in mRNA.  Label the 5’ and 3’ ends.  5' AUG UUA CCC GCU GCG CGA AGC AAA GUC UAA 3” Write out the amino acid (you can use the short form) that this protein would be made of (keep in mind proteins are usually a minimum of 50 proteins.  Met-Leu-Pro-Ala-Ala-Arg-Ser-Lys-Val What do you notice about the mRNA strand compared to the non template strand of DNA?    2. What amino acid does the second codon code for on the DNA template strand?  ______Assume the 6th amino acid in the strand is changed from a T to a C. What amino acid does it code for now?  _______ What type of mutation is this?      3. Assume the 6th amino acid is changed from T to G on the DNA template strand.  What type of mutation is this?  What effect would…
The tRNA for Phe binds to the mRNA codon UUU. You mutate the anticodon of the Phe-tRNA from AAA to GAA. What happens to the cell? Select the best answer. Please note that all nucleic acid sequences are provided according to scientific convention.   a.   All UUU codons now code for Glu instead of Phe   b.   All UUU codons now code for Leu instead of Phe   c.   Nothing happens   d.   All AAA codons now code for Glu instead of Phe   e.   All AAA codons now code for Leu instead of Phe
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