Concept explainers
Match each of the terms in the left column to the best-fitting phrase from the right column.
a. | oligonucleotide | 1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
b. | vector | 2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
c. | sticky ends | 3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
d. | recombinant DNA | 4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
e. | ddNTPs | 5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
f. | genomic library | 6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
g. | genomic equivalent | 7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
h. | gel electrophoresis | 8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
i. | selectable marker | 9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
j. | hybridization | 10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
k. | primer | 11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
l. | polylinker | 12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “oligonucleotide” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
The primers that are used in the DNA reactions are the short and small fragments called oligonucleotides.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Oligonucleotide: A short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine.
Explanation of Solution
Oligonucleotides are small fragments of DNA which are used as primers in DNA sequencing reactions. These are complementary to the vector sequence.
b.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “vector” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
A vector can be considered as the carrier of the genetic material.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Vector: A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment
Explanation of Solution
A vector is a DNA molecule that is used for transportation, replication, and purification of DNA fragment. It acts as a carrier. The insert DNA cannot replicate independently. Therefore, the vector is used to support the replication.
c.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “sticky ends” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Sticky ends are the result of the incision process of various types of restriction enzymes.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Sticky ends: Short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
Explanation of Solution
Sticky ends are produced when DNA strands are incised with restriction enzymes. Sticky ends have the ability to ligate with the complimentary sticky ends which are incised by the same restriction enzyme.
d.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “recombinant DNA” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Recombinant DNA is the modified form of DNA that is produced with the help of genetic engineering tools.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Recombinant DNA: Contains genetic material from two different organisms
Explanation of Solution
Recombinant DNA molecules consist of vector DNA and insert DNA from the different organisms. The vector DNA and the insert DNA fragment are joined to form a recombinant DNA molecule.
e.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “ddNTPs” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
ddNTPs stands for dinucleotide triphosphate. These nucleotides act as subunits for the chain termination process.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
ddNTPs: DNA chain-terminating subunits
Explanation of Solution
ddNTPs are the dideoxynucleotides triphosphates used as a chain-terminating subunits. This is because the polymerase enzyme does not elongate the primer from a ddNTP.
f.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “genomic library” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
A genomic library contains the vast collection of genetic material or DNA stretches of given species.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Genomic library: A collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector.
Explanation of Solution
A genomic library consists of several cellular clones. These clones have each gene sequence related to entire genome of the species. These are carried by appropriate vector.
g.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “genomic equivalent” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
The number of fragments of DNA that are inserted into a particular clone.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Genomic equivalent: The number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
Explanation of Solution
Genomic equivalent is defined as the count of number of DNA fragments inserted into clones in an accurate genomic library. The genomic equivalent can be calculated by dividing the total length of the genome with the mean size of insert.
h.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “gel electrophoresis” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
It is a type of technique used for the separation of segments of DNA.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Gel electrophoresis: Method for separating DNA molecules by size
Explanation of Solution
Gel electrophoresis is a method used to separate the macromolecules such as DNA on the basis of their size. The smaller fragments run quickly as compared to the larger fragments.
i.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “selectable marker” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
With the hel of selectable marker, one can easily distinuish between the transformants among the non transformants.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Selectable marker: Gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
Explanation of Solution
Selectable marker is a gene present in a vector which is used for the isolation of transformants. Due to the presence of selectable marker, transformant cells can be isolated.
j.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “hybridization” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Association of two single-stranded molecules of DNA to form single double-stranded DNA.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Hybridization: Stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
Explanation of Solution
Hybridization is a procedure in which two single-stranded DNA molecules bind to form a single double-stranded DNA molecule. The two strands must be complementary to each other.
k.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “primer” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Short stretch of nucleotide strands that can be extended with the help of polymerase enzyme.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Primer: Oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
Explanation of Solution
A primer is a small nucleic acid sequence that provides an initiation point for DNA synthesis. The primer is extended by the DNA polymerase enzyme.
l.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “polylinker” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Polylinker is a type of synthetic segment of DNA having unique restriction sites.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Polylinker: Synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
Explanation of Solution
A polylinker is a small segment of DNA. It contains several restriction sites but these restriction sites are unique. Polylinkers are used for the insertion of foreign DNA.
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- a) What are vectors? Describe extensively the roles vectors play in genetic engineering? Write short notees on the following: Recombinant DNA, Cloning b) What are restriction enzymes? Describe extensively the roles restriction enzymes play in genetic engineering? Write short notees on the following: Selectable markers, Cloningarrow_forwardFrom where do we get primers for sequencing DNA? A) they are synthesized by reverse transcriptase B) they are cut out of plasmids using restriction endonucleases C) DNA primase is added to the sequencing reaction and synthesizes the primers D) biotechnology companies synthesize them using organic chemistryarrow_forwardMatch the following terms with their definitions and label each component of the PCR mixture in the diagram (use the letters A-D):I. DNA polymeraseII. PrimersIII. NucleotidesIV. Genomic DNA template A. DNA that contains the target sequence that will be replicated using PCR.B. An enzyme that copies the DNA sequence.C. A mixture of 4 nucleotides (A,G,C, and T) that will be polymerized into the replicated DNA sequence.D. A short DNA sequence that allows the enzyme to bind and initiate polymerization.arrow_forward
- a. Using nucleotide letters, show the kind of cut that could be made on a DNA molecule to circularize it into a plasmid. b. What are restriction length polymorphisms, and how are they used?arrow_forwardFollowing are four processes common to most cloning experiments: a) transforming bacteria b) plating bacteria on selective medium c) cutting DNA with restriction endonucleases d) ligating DNA fragments Place components of this list in the order in which they would most likely occur during a cloning experiment.arrow_forwardFrom your knowledge about DNA microarray, answer the following: A- How DNA microarray is created? and why it is referred to as “hybridization technology”? B- Why RT-PCR is important in the sample preparation to perform expression microarray experiment? C- Mention the name and the color of the dyes used in expression microarray? D- If the expression microarray experiment was done with a normal sample and a suspected sample, after reading the color pattern resulted from the experiment it was recorded that “gene A22” is expressed in the suspected sample. The gene A22 is clinically linked to colon cancer. Answer the following: What is the expected color of the spot on the microarray which represents this gene? What is your interpretation of the suspected sample; is it a cancer sample or not and explain why?arrow_forward
- Explain briefly within 5 sentences each 1. a. What is PCR? Explain/relate its importance in DNA marker analysis. 1.b. What are restriction enzymes (RE)? Describe how a RE can be used to develop/design a DNAmarker.arrow_forwarda)What two restriction sites are you going to use to clone your PCR product into the pL4440 plasmid? What are their DNA sequence? b) State the primer sequence you will use to amplify the F27C1.7 gene ready to be cloned into the pL4440 plasmid? c) How would you go about cloning this amplified DNA into pL4440? Using your knowledge of cloning list 5 important aspects of the method.arrow_forwardIn cloning human DNA, why is it necessary to insert the DNA into a vector such as a bacterial plasmid?arrow_forward
- A. A plasmid is shown with the locations of various restriction enzyme sites labeled. If you cut the plasmid with Xhol and Xbal, which lane of the agarose gel represents the DNA fragments you would expect from the digestion? B. If you now decide to cut the plasmid with EcoRI, how many fragments will be produced and what will their sizes be? C. When running DNA samples on agarose gel, an electric field is applied. Towards which electrode will the DNA migrate and why?arrow_forwardWhat is a cloning vector? A. The DNA probe used to locate a particular gene in the genome. B. An agent such as plasmid, used to transfer DNA from an in vitro solution into a living cell. C. The laboratory apparatus used to clone genes. D. An enzyme that cuts DNA into restriction fragments.arrow_forwardIn Cohen-Boyer’s recombinant DNA procedure, ___i___ must be used for both the bacterial DNA and the amphibian DNA ___ii___ a) the same restriction enzyme; so that the restriction sites are identical in the DNA of each species b) different restriction enzymes; So that the genes outside the restriction site are maintained c) different restriction enzymes; to ensure that the newly introduced genes are maintained in the bacterial DNA d) the same restriction enzyme; to ensure that the newly formed DNA can replicatearrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning