Biochemistry
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781305577206
Author: Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher: Cengage Learning
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Videos
Question
Chapter 9, Problem 27P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The method of transportation of the LPS molecules to the outer membrane is to be stated. Also, the details of LPS transport and the membrane structures that are involved in this transport are to be described.
Concept introduction:
The gram-negative bacteria refer to bacteria that have a thin layer of the peptidoglycans. In the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, porins that acts like pores for specific molecules exist. The thick plasma membrane surrounds the layer of peptidoglycan.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Chapter 9 Solutions
Biochemistry
Ch. 9 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 9 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 9 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 9 - Prob. 4PCh. 9 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 9 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 9 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 9 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 9 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 9 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...
Ch. 9 - Prob. 11PCh. 9 - Prob. 12PCh. 9 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 9 - Prob. 14PCh. 9 - Prob. 15PCh. 9 - Prob. 16PCh. 9 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 9 - Prob. 18PCh. 9 - Prob. 19PCh. 9 - Prob. 20PCh. 9 - Prob. 21PCh. 9 - Prob. 22PCh. 9 - Prob. 23PCh. 9 - Prob. 24PCh. 9 - Answers to all problems are at the end of this...Ch. 9 - Prob. 26PCh. 9 - Prob. 27PCh. 9 - Prob. 28PCh. 9 - Prob. 29PCh. 9 - Prob. 30PCh. 9 - Prob. 31P
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biochemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Answers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Determining 'the Concentration Limits of an Active Transport System (Integrates with Chapter 3.) Fructose is present outside a Cell at 1 M concentration. An active transport system in the plasma membrane transports fructose into this cell, using the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to drive fructose uptake. What is the highest intracellular concentration of fructose that this transported system can generate? Assume that one fructose is transported per ATP hydrolyzed; that ATP is hydrolyzed on the intracellular surface of the membrane; and that the concentrations of ATP, ADP, and Pi are 3mM, 1mM, and 0.5mM, respectively. T = 298 K. [Hint: Refer to Chapter 3 to recall the effects of concentration on free energy of ATP hydrolysis.)arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. The Dimensions of Prokaryotic Cells and Their Constituents Escherichia coli cells are about 2 μm (microns) long and 0.8 μm in diameter. (Section 1.5) a. How many E. coli cells laid end to end would fit across the diameter of a pinhead? (Assume a pinhead diameter of 0.5 mm.) b. What is the volume of an E. coli cell? (Assume it is a cylinder, with the volume of a cylinder given by V=r2h , where = 3.14.) c. What is the surface area of ail E coli cell? What is the surface-to- volume ratio of an E coli cell? d. Glucose, a major energy-yielding nutrient, is present in bacterial cells at a concentration of about 1 mM. What is the concentra¬tion of glucose, expressed as mg/mL? How many glucose molecules are contained in a typical E. coli cell? (Recall that Avogadro’s number =6.0231023 .} e. A number of regulatory proteins are present in E. coli at only one or two molecules per cell. If we assume that an E. coli cell contains just one molecule of a particular protein, what is the molar concentration of this protein in the cell? If the molecular weight of this protein is 4023 , what is its concentration, expressed as mg/mL? f. An E coli cell contains about 15,000 ribosomes, which carry out protein synthesis. Assuming ribosomes are spherical and have a diameter of 20 nm (nanometers), what fraction of the E. coli cell volume is occupied by ribosomes? g. The E coli chromosome is a single DNA molecule whose mass is about 3109 daltons. This macromolecule is actually a linear array of nucleotide pairs. The average molecular weight of a nucleotide pair is 660, and each pair imparts 0.34 nm to the length of the DNA molecule. What is the total length of the E. coli chromosome? How does this length compare with the overall dimensions of an E. coli cell? How many nucleotide pairs does this DNA contain? The average E. coli protein is a linear chain of 360 amino acids. If three nucleo¬tide pairs in a gene encode one amino acid in a protein, how many different proteins can the E. coli chromosome encode? (The answer to this question is a reasonable approximation of the maximum number of different kinds of proteins that can be expected in bacteria.)arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Determining the Length of a Keratin Molecule The central rod domain of a keratin protein is approximately 312 residues in length. What is the length (in A) of the keratin rod domain? If this same peptide segment were a true -helix how long would it be? If the same segment were a -sheet, what would its length be?arrow_forward
- Answers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Understanding Diffusion of Proteins in Membranes Protein lateral motion is much slower than that of lipids because proteins are larger than lipids. Also, some membrane proteins can diffuse freely through the membrane, whereas others art bound or anchored to other protein structures, in the membrane. The diffusion constant for the membrane protein fibronectin is approximately 0.7 X 10-12 cm/sec, whereas that for rhodopsin is about 3 X10-9 cm/sec. Calculate the distance traversed by each of these proteins in 10 msec. What could you surmise about the interactions of these proteins with other membrane components?arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. The Dimensions of Eukaryotic Cells and Their ConstituentsAssume that liver cells are cuboidal in shape, 20 m oil a side. (Section 1.5) How many liver cells laid end to end would fit across the diameter of a pinhead? (Assume a pinhead diameter of 0.5 mm) What is the volume of a liver cell? (Assume it is a cube.) What is the surface area of a liver cell? What is the surface-to- volume ratio of a liver cell? How does this compare to the surface-to-volume ratio of an E. coli cell (compare this answer with that of problem 3c)? What problems must cells with low surface-to-volume ratios confront that do not occur in cells with high surface-to-volume ratios? A human liver cell contains two sets of 23 chromosomes, each set being roughly equivalent in information content. The total mass of DNA contained in these 46 enormous DNA molecules is 4 1012 Because each nucleotide pair contributes 660 daltons to the mass of DNA and 0.34 run to the length of DNA, what is the total number of nucleotide pairs and the complete length of the DNA in a liver cell? How does this length compare with the overall dimensions of a liver cell? The maximal information in each set of liver cell chromosomes should be related to the number of nucleotide pairs in the chromosome set's DNA. This number can be obtained by dividing the total number of nucleotide pairs just calculated by 2. What is this value? If this information is expressed in proteins that average 400 amino acids in length and three nucleotide pairs encode one amino acid in a protein, how many different kinds of proteins might a liver cell be able to produce? (In reality, liver cell DNA encodes approximately 20,000 different proteins. Thus a large discrepancy exists between the theoretical information content of DNA in liver cells and the amount of information actually expressed.)arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Intracellular Transport of Proteins The endoplasmic reticulum (HR) is a site of protein synthesis. Proteins made by ribosomes associated with the ER may pass into the EH membrane or enter the lumen of the HR. Devise a pathway by which: a plasma membrane protein may reach the plasma membrane. a secreted protein may be deposited outside the cell. (Section 1.5)arrow_forward
- Answers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Plot the Titration Curve for Bicine and Calculate How to Prepare a pH 7.5 Bicine Buffer Solution Bicine (N, N—bis (2-hydroxyethyl) glycine) is another commonly used buffer in biochemistry labs. The structure of Bicine in its fully protonated form is shown here: Draw the titration curve for Bicine. assuming the pA'a for its free COOH group is 2.3 and the pAa for its tertiary amino group is 8.3. Draw the structure of the fully deprotonated form (completely dissociated form) of bicine. You have available a U.l Msolution of Bicine at its isoelectric point (pH|)T 0.1 M solutions of HCI and NaOH. and ample distilled water. Describe the preparation of 1 L of 0.U4 M Bicine buffer. pH 7.5. What is the concentration of the fully protonated form of Bicine in your final buffer solution?arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Phosphorylation of Proteins Introduces New Properties Phosphoproteins are formed when a phosphate group is esterified to an —OH group df a Ser, Thr, or Tyr side chain. At typical cellular pH values, this phosphate group bears two negative charges (— OPO32:_). Compare this side-chain modification to the 2U side chains of the Common amino acids found in proteins and comment on the novel properties that it introduces into side-chain possibilities.arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Comparing Membrane Barrel Structures Compare the porin proteins, which have transmembrane pores constructed from -barrels, with the Wza protein, which has a transmembrane pore constructed from a ring of -helices. How many amino acids are required to form the -barrel of a porin? How many would be required to form the same-sized pore from -helices?arrow_forward
- Answers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. How to Prepare a Buffer Solution: An Anserine Buffer Draw the titration curve for anserine (Figure 2.16). The isoelectric point of anserine is the pH where the net charge on the molecule is zero: what is the isoelectric point for anserine? Given a 0.1 M solution of anserine at its isoelectric point and ready access to 0.1 M HCl, 0.1 M NaOH, and distilled water, describe the preparation of 1 L of 0.04 M anserine buffer solution. pH 7.2.arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end of this book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual, Study Guide, and Problems Book. Separating Glycated Hb From Normal Hb (Integrates with Chapters 5 and 6.) Human hemoglobin can react with sugars in the blood (usually glucose) to form covalent adducts. The α-amino groups of N-terminal valine in the Hb -subunits react with the C-1 (aldehyde) carbons of monosaceharides to form aldimine add wets, which rearrange to form very stable ketoamine products. Quantitation of this “glycated hemoglobin is important clinically, especially for diabetic individuals. Suggest at least three methods by which glycated lib (also referred to as HbA1c) could be separated from normal Hb and quantitated.arrow_forwardAnswers to all problems are at the end οΓthis book. Detailed solutions are available in the Student Solutions Manual. Study Guide, and Problems Book. Superbug infections are becoming more common around the world. Many of these infections arise from the action of -lactamases, of which there are several types with different mechanisms of action. Consult the end-of-chapter reference by von Nussbaum and Schiffer and write detailed mechanisms for the serine -lactamases and metallo- -lactamases.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage Learning
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
ISBN:9781305577206
Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Embryology | Fertilization, Cleavage, Blastulation; Author: Ninja Nerd;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-KF0rnhKTU;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY