Chemistry
Chemistry
13th Edition
ISBN: 9781259911156
Author: Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9, Problem 9.149QP

A new allotrope of oxygen, O4, has been reported. The exact structure of O4 is unknown, but the simplest possible structure would be a four-member ring consisting of oxygen-oxygen single bonds. The report speculated that the O4 molecule might be useful as a fuel “because it packs a lot of oxygen in a small space, so it might be even more energy-dense than the liquefied ordinary oxygen used in rocket fuel.” (a) Draw a Lewis structure for O4 and write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between ethane, C2H6(g), and O4(g) to give carbon dioxide and water vapor. (b) Estimate ΔH° for the reaction. (c) Write a chemical equation illustrating the standard enthalpy of formation of O4(g) and estimate ΔH°f. (d) Assuming the oxygen allotropes are in excess, which will release more energy when reacted with ethane (or any other fuel): O2(g) or O4(g)? Explain using your answers to parts (a)–(c).

(a)

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Lewis structure of O4 has to be drawn.  Balanced chemical equation for the reaction of O4 with ethane to give carbon dioxide and water vapour has to be written.

Concept Introduction:

Electron dot structure also known as Lewis dot structure represents the number of valence electrons of an atom or constituent atoms bonded in a molecule.  Each dot corresponds to one electron.

Balanced reaction is a chemical reaction in which number of atoms for each element in the reaction and the total charge are same on both reactant side and the product side.

Steps in balancing the information

  • Step 1: Write the unbalanced equation
  • Step 2: Find the coefficient to balance the equation.

According to the “Law of Conservation of Mass”, a chemical equation is balanced when the number of atoms involved in the reactant side is equal to that of the product side.

Explanation of Solution

Total valence electrons in O4 is,

4(valence e- on O) = 4(6) = 24

Accordingly Lewis structure of O4 is drawn which shows 24 electrons in the molecule including bonding and non-bonding electrons.

Chemistry, Chapter 9, Problem 9.149QP

Balanced chemical equation for the reaction of O4 with ethane to carbon dioxide and water vapor is written as,

C2H6(g)+74O4(g)2CO2(g)+3H2O(g)

(b)

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

ΔH° for the reaction of O4 with ethane to give carbon dioxide and water vapour has to be calculated.

Concept Introduction:

ΔH° refers to change in enthalpy.  Change in enthalpy in a reaction and bond enthalpy (BE) are related as,

ΔH° = Σ BE (reactants) - Σ BE (products)

Answer to Problem 9.149QP

ΔH° for the reaction of O4 with ethane to give carbon dioxide and water vapor is calculated as 2131kJ/mol.

Explanation of Solution

ΔHrxn° = ΣBE(reactants)-ΣBE(products) =[ 6BE(C-H)+BE(CC)+74×4BE(OO)][2×2BE(C=O)+3×2BE(OH)] = 6(414kJ/mol)+(347kJ/mol)+7(142kJ/mol)4(799kJ/mol)6(460kJ/mol) =2131kJ/mol

(c)

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A chemical equation illustrating the reaction of formation of O4 has to be written.  ΔHf° for O4 has to be calculated.

Concept Introduction:

ΔH° refers to change in enthalpy.  Change in enthalpy in a reaction and bond enthalpy (BE) are related as,

ΔH° = Σ BE (reactants) - Σ BE (products)

ΔH° of the reaction also corresponds to the enthalpy of formation of the product.

Answer to Problem 9.149QP

A chemical equation illustrating the reaction of formation of O4 is written as,

2O2(g)O4(g)

ΔHf° for O4 is calculated as 429kJ/mol.

Explanation of Solution

A chemical equation illustrating the reaction of formation of O4 is written as,

2O2(g)O4(g)

Enthalpy of formation of O4, ΔHf° is calculated as,

ΔHf°[O4(g)] = ΣBE(reactants)-ΣBE(products) =[ 2BE(O=O)4BE(OO)] = 2(498.7kJ/mol)4(142kJ/mol) =429kJ/mol

(d)

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The energy released by reaction of O2(g) with ethane and the energy released by reaction of O4(g) with ethane has to be compared.

Answer to Problem 9.149QP

The energy released by reaction of O2(g) with ethane will be lesser than the energy released by reaction of O4(g).

Explanation of Solution

ΔHf° for O4 is calculated as 429kJ/mol.  The positive value of ΔHf° indicates lesser amount of energy is required to break the four OO single bonds in O4.  The energy required to break one O=O double bond will be greater.  Thus the reaction that involves breaking four OO single bonds requires lesser energy and it releases more energy during product formation.

Hence the energy released by reaction of O2(g) with ethane will be lesser than the energy released by reaction of O4(g).

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Chapter 9 Solutions

Chemistry

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