1 Introduction to Chemistry
1.1 Evolution of Chemistry CRITICAL THINKING Rise and Fall of a Theory
1.2 Modern Chemistry CHEMISTRY CONNECTION “Worth your Salt?”
1.3 Learning Chemistry Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

2 Scientific Measurements
2.1 Uncertainty in Measurements
2.2 Significant Digits
2.3 Rounding Off Nonsignificant Digits
2.4 Adding and Subtracting Measurements
2.5 Multiplying and Dividing Measurements
2.6 Exponential Numbers
2.7 Scientific Notation CHEMISTRY CONNECTION A Student Success Story
2.8 Unit Equations and Unit Factors
2.9 Unit Analysis Problem Solving CRITICAL THINKING World Trade Center
2.10 The Percent Concept CHEMISTRY CONNECTION The Coinage Metals Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

3 The Metric System
3.1 Basic Units and Symbols CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Nanotechnology
3.2 Metric Conversion Factors
3.3 Metric–Metric Conversions
3.4 Metric–English Conversions CHEMISTRY CONNECTION The Olympics
3.5 Volume by Calculation
3.6 Volume by Displacement
3.7 The Density Concept CRITICAL THINKING Lower Gasoline Bills
3.8 Temperature
3.9 Heat and Specific Heat Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

4 Matter and Energy
4.1 Physical States of Matter
4.2 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
4.3 Names and Symbols of the Elements CRITICAL THINKING Aluminum or Aluminium?
4.4 Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Elements 104 and Beyond
4.5 Compounds and Chemical Formulas
4.6 Physical and Chemical Properties
4.7 Physical and Chemical Changes
4.8 Conservation of Mass
4.9 Potential and Kinetic Energy
4.10 Conservation of Energy CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Recycling Aluminum Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

5 Models of the Atom
5.1 Dalton Model of the Atom CHEMISTRY CONNECTION John Dalton
5.2 Thomson Model of the Atom
5.3 Rutherford Model of the Atom
5.4 Atomic Notation
5.5 Atomic Mass CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Heavy Water
5.6 The Wave Nature of Light
5.7 The Quantum Concept
5.8 Bohr Model of the Atom CRITICAL THINKING Neon Lights
5.9 Energy Levels and Sublevels
5.10 Electron Configuration
5.11 Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

6 The Periodic Table
6.1 Classification of Elements CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Dmitri Mendeleev
6.2 The Periodic Law Concept
6.3 Groups and Periods of Elements CRITICAL THINKING IUPAC Group Numbers
6.4 Periodic Trends
6.5 Properties of Elements
6.6 Blocks of Elements
6.7 Valence Electrons
6.8 Electron Dot Formulas
6.9 Ionization Energy
6.10 Ionic Charges CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Evolution of Chemical Elements Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

7 Language of Chemistry
7.1 Classification of Compounds CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Antoine and Marie Lavoisier
7.2 Monoatomic Ions
7.3 Polyatomic Ions
7.4 Writing Chemical Formulas CRITICAL THINKING Nutritional Potassium
7.5 Binary Ionic Compounds
7.6 Ternary Ionic Compounds
7.7 Binary Molecular Compounds
7.8 Binary Acids
7.9 Ternary Oxyacids CHEMISTRY CONNECTION IUPAC Nomenclature Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

8 Chemical Reactions
8.1 Evidence for Chemical Reactions CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Fireworks
8.2 Writing Chemical Equations
8.3 Balancing Chemical Equations
8.4 Classifying Chemical Reactions
8.5 Combination Reactions
8.6 Decomposition Reactions
8.7 The Activity Series Concept
8.8 Single-Replacement Reactions
8.9 Solubility Rules
8.10 Double-Replacement Reactions
8.11 Neutralization Reactions CRITICAL THINKING Household Chemicals Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

9 The Mole Concept
9.1 Avogadro’s Number CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Analogies for Avogadro’s Number
9.2 Mole Calculations I
9.3 Molar Mass
9.4 Mole Calculations II
9.5 Molar Volume
9.6 Mole Calculations III
9.7 Percent Composition
9.8 Empirical Formula
9.9 Molecular Formula CRITICAL THINKING Avogadro’s Number Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

10 Chemical Equation Calculations
10.1 Interpreting a Chemical Equation
10.2 Mole–Mole Relationships CRITICAL THINKING Iron vs. Steel
10.3 Types of Stoichiometry Problems
10.4 Mass–Mass Problems
10.5 Mass–Volume Problems
10.6 Volume–Volume Problems CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Manufacturing Ammonia
10.7 The Limiting Reactant Concept
10.8 Limiting Reactant Problems
10.9 Percent Yield Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

11 The Gaseous State
11.1 Properties of Gases CHEMISTRY CONNECTION The Greenhouse Effect
11.2 Atmospheric Pressure
11.3 Variables Affecting Gas Pressure
11.4 Boyle’s Law: Pressure–Volume Relationships CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Robert Boyle
11.5 Charles’s Law: Volume–Temperature Relationships
11.6 Gay–Lussac’s Law: Pressure–Temperature Relationships
11.7 Combined Gas Law
11.8 The Vapor Pressure Concept
11.9 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
11.10 Ideal Gas Behavior
11.11 Ideal Gas Law CRITICAL THINKING Conceptualizing Gases Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

12 Chemical Bonding
12.1 The Chemical Bond Concept
12.2 Ionic Bonds
12.3 Covalent Bonds
12.4 Electron Dot Formulas of Molecules
12.5 Electron Dot Formulas of Polyatomic Ions
12.6 Polar Covalent Bonds CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Linus Pauling
12.7 Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
12.8 Coordinate Covalent Bonds
12.9 Hydrogen Bonds
12.10 Shapes of Molecules CRITICAL THINKING Diamond vs. Graphite Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

13 Liquids and Solids
13.1 Properties of Liquids
13.2 The Intermolecular Bond Concept
13.3 Vapor Pressure, Boiling Point, Viscosity,
Surface Tension
13.4 Properties of Solids
13.5 Crystalline Solids
13.6 Changes of Physical State
13.7 Structure of Water CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Water Purification
13.8 Physical Properties of Water
13.9 Chemical Properties of Water
13.10 Hydrates CRITICAL THINKING Bottled Water Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

14 Solutions
14.1 Gases in Solution
14.2 Liquids in Solution
14.3 Solids in Solution CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Colloids
14.4 The Dissolving Process
14.5 Rate of Dissolving
14.6 Solubility and Temperature
14.7 Unsaturated, Saturated, and Supersaturated Solutions
14.8 Mass/Mass Percent Concentration
14.9 Molar Concentration CRITICAL THINKING Water Fluoridation
14.10 Dilution of a Solution
14.11 Solution Stoichiometry Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

15 Acids and Bases
15.1 Properties of Acids and Bases
15.2 Arrhenius Acids and Bases CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Svante Arrhenius
15.3 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
15.4 Acid–Base Indicators
15.5 Acid–Base Titrations
15.6 Acid–Base Standardization
15.7 Ionization of Water
15.8 The pH Concept
15.9 Advanced pH Calculations CRITICAL THINKING Acid Rain
15.10 Strong and Weak Electrolytes
15.11 Net Ionic Equations Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

16 Chemical Equilibrium
16.1 Collision Theory
16.2 Energy Profiles of Chemical Reactions
16.3 The Chemical Equilibrium Concept CHEMISTRY CONNECTION The Ozone Hole
16.4 General Equilibrium Constant, Keq
16.5 Equilibria Shifts for Gases
16.6 Ionization Equilibrium Constant, Ki
16.7 Equilibria Shifts for Weak Acids and Bases
16.8 Solubility Product Equilibrium Constant, Ksp
16.9 Equilibria Shifts for Slightly Soluble Compounds Summary • Key Concepts Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

17 Oxidation and Reduction
17.1 Oxidation Numbers
17.2 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
17.3 Balancing Redox Equations:
Oxidation Number Method
17.4 Balancing Redox Equations:
Half–Reaction Method
17.5 Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
17.6 Voltaic Cells
17.7 Electrolytic Cells CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Hybrid Vehicles Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

18 Nuclear Chemistry
18.1 Natural Radioactivity
18.2 Nuclear Equations
18.3 Radioactive Decay Series
18.4 Radioactive Half–Life
18.5 Applications of Radionuclides CRITICAL THINKING Nuclear Medicine
18.6 Induced Radioactivity
18.7 Nuclear Fission CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Nuclear Power Plant
18.8 Nuclear Fusion Summary • Key Concepts Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

19 Organic Chemistry
19.1 Hydrocarbons
19.2 Alkanes
19.3 Alkenes and Alkynes
19.4 Arenes
19.5 Hydrocarbon Derivatives
19.6 Organic Halides
19.7 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
19.8 Amines
19.9 Aldehydes and Ketones
19.10 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Forensic Chemistry Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

20 Biochemistry
20.1 Biological Compounds
20.2 Proteins
20.3 Enzymes
20.4 Carbohydrates
20.5 Lipids CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Vitamins
20.6 Nucleic Acids CRITICAL THINKING Left- and Right-Handed Molecules Summary • Key Terms • Exercises Chapter Self-Test

Appendices
A Weights and Measures B Physical Constants C Activity Series of Metals D Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds E Vapor Pressure of Water F Properties of Water G Answers to Concept Exercises H Answers to Key Term Exercises I Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises J Answers to Chapter Self-Tests

Glossary Photo Credits Index