LIFE:SCIENCE OF BIOL.(LL) >CUSTOM<11th EditionSadava Publisher: MAC HIGHERISBN: 9781319209957
LIFE:SCIENCE OF BIOL.(LL) >CUSTOM<
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Chapter 1 - Studying LifeChapter 1.1 - Living Organisms Share Similarities And A Common OriginChapter 1.2 - Biologists Investigate Life Through Experiments That Test HypothesesChapter 1.3 - Understanding Biology Is Important For Health, Well-being, And Public-policy DecisionsChapter 2 - Small Molecules And The Chemistry Of LifeChapter 2.1 - Atomic Structure Explains The Properties Of MatterChapter 2.2 - Atoms Bond To Form MoleculesChapter 2.3 - Atoms Change Partners In Chemical ReactionsChapter 2.4 - Water Is Critical For LifeChapter 3 - Proteins, Carbohydrates, And Lipids
Chapter 3.1 - Macromolecules Characterize Living ThingsChapter 3.2 - The Function Of A Protein Depends On Its Three-dimensional StructureChapter 3.3 - Simple Sugars Are The Basic Structural Unit Of CarbohydratesChapter 3.4 - Lipids Are Defined By Their Solubility Rather Than By Chemical StructureChapter 4 - Nucleic Acids And The Origin Of LifeChapter 4.1 - Nucleic Acid Structures Reflect Their FunctionsChapter 4.2 - The Small Molecules Of Life Originated On Primitive EarthChapter 4.3 - The Large Molecules Of Life Originated From Small MoleculesChapter 4.4 - Cells Originated From Their Molecular Building BlocksChapter 5 - Cells: The Working Units Of LifeChapter 5.1 - Cells Are The Fundamental Units Of LifeChapter 5.2 - Prokaryotic Cells Are The Simplest CellsChapter 5.3 - Eukaryotic Cells Contain OrganellesChapter 5.4 - Extracellular Structures Have Important RolesChapter 5.5 - Eukaryotic Cells Evolved In Several StepsChapter 6 - Cell MembranesChapter 6.1 - Biological Membranes Are Lipid–protein BilayersChapter 6.2 - The Cell Membrane Is Important In Cell Adhesion And RecognitionChapter 6.3 - Substances Can Cross Membranes By Passive ProcessesChapter 6.4 - Active Transport Across Membranes Requires EnergyChapter 6.5 - Large Molecules Enter And Leave A Cell Through VesiclesChapter 7 - Cell Communication And MulticellularityChapter 7.1 - Signals And Signaling Affect Cell FunctionChapter 7.2 - Receptors Bind Signals To Initiate A Cellular ResponseChapter 7.3 - The Response To A Signal Spreads Through The CellChapter 7.4 - Cells Change In Response To Signals In Several WaysChapter 7.5 - Adjacent Cells In A Multicellular Organism Can Communicate DirectlyChapter 8 - Energy, Enzymes, And MetabolismChapter 8.1 - Physical Principles Underlie Biological Energy TransformationsChapter 8.2 - Atp Plays A Key Role In Biochemical EnergeticsChapter 8.3 - Enzymes Speed Up Biochemical TransformationsChapter 8.4 - Enzymes Bring Substrates Together So Reactions Readily OccurChapter 8.5 - Enzyme Activities Can Be RegulatedChapter 9 - Pathways That Harvest Chemical EnergyChapter 9.1 - Cells Harvest Chemical Energy From Glucose OxidationChapter 9.2 - In The Presence Of Oxygen, Glucose Is Fully OxidizedChapter 9.3 - Oxidative Phosphorylation Forms AtpChapter 9.4 - In The Absence Of Oxygen, Some Energy Is Harvested From GlucoseChapter 9.5 - Metabolic Pathways Are Interrelated And RegulatedChapter 10 - Photosynthesis: Energy From SunlightChapter 10.1 - Photosynthesis Uses Light To Make CarbohydratesChapter 10.2 - Photosynthesis Converts Light Energy Into Chemical EnergyChapter 10.3 - Chemical Energy Trapped In Photosynthesis Is Used To Synthesize CarbohydratesChapter 10.4 - Plants Have Adapted Photosynthesis To Environmental ConditionsChapter 10.5 - Photosynthesis Is An Integral Part Of Plant MetabolismChapter 11.1 - All Cells Derive From Other CellsChapter 11.2 - The Eukaryotic Cell Division Cycle Is RegulatedChapter 11.3 - Eukaryotic Cells Divide By MitosisChapter 11.4 - Cell Division Plays Important Roles In The Sexual Life CycleChapter 11.5 - Meiosis Leads To The Formation Of GametesChapter 11.6 - Cell Death Is Important In Living OrganismsChapter 11.7 - Unregulated Cell Division Can Lead To CancerChapter 12 - Inheritance, Genes, And ChromosomesChapter 12.1 - Inheritance Of Genes Follows Mendelian LawsChapter 12.2 - Alleles Can Produce Multiple PhenotypesChapter 12.3 - Genes Can Interact To Produce A PhenotypeChapter 12.4 - Genes Are Carried On ChromosomesChapter 12.5 - Some Eukaryotic Genes Are Outside The NucleusChapter 12.6 - Prokaryotes Can Transmit Genes By MatingChapter 13 - Dna And Its Role In HeredityChapter 13.1 - Experiments Revealed The Function Of Dna As Genetic MaterialChapter 13.2 - Dna Has A Structure That Suits Its FunctionChapter 13.3 - Dna Is Replicated SemiconservativelyChapter 13.4 - Errors In Dna Can Be RepairedChapter 13.5 - The Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplifies DnaChapter 14 - From Dna To Protein: Gene ExpressionChapter 14.1 - Genes Code For ProteinsChapter 14.2 - Information Flows From Genes To ProteinsChapter 14.3 - Dna Is Transcribed To Produce RnaChapter 14.4 - Eukaryotic Pre-mrna Transcripts Are Processed Prior To TranslationChapter 14.5 - The Information In Mrna Is Translated Into ProteinsChapter 14.6 - Polypeptides Can Be Modified And Transported During Or After TranslationChapter 15 - Gene Mutation And Molecular MedicineChapter 15.1 - Mutations Are Heritable Changes In DnaChapter 15.2 - Mutations In Humans Can Lead To DiseasesChapter 15.3 - Mutations Can Be Detected And AnalyzedChapter 15.4 - Genetic Screening Is Used To Detect DiseaseChapter 15.5 - Genetic Diseases Can Be TreatedChapter 16 - Regulation Of Gene ExpressionChapter 16.1 - Prokaryotic Gene Expression Is Regulated In OperonsChapter 16.2 - Eukaryotic Gene Expression Is Regulated By Transcription FactorsChapter 16.3 - Viruses Regulate Their Gene Expression During The Reproductive CycleChapter 16.4 - Epigenetic Changes Regulate Gene ExpressionChapter 16.5 - Eukaryotic Gene Expression Can Be Regulated After TranscriptionChapter 17 - GenomesChapter 17.1 - Genomes Can Be Sequenced RapidlyChapter 17.2 - Prokaryotic Genomes Are CompactChapter 17.3 - Eukaryotic Genomes Contain Many Types Of SequencesChapter 17.4 - Human Biology Is Revealed Through The GenomeChapter 17.5 - Proteomics And Metabolomics Can Provide Insights Beyond The GenomeChapter 18 - Recombinant Dna And BiotechnologyChapter 18.1 - Dna From Different Sources Forms Recombinant DnaChapter 18.2 - There Are Several Ways To Insert Dna Into CellsChapter 18.3 - Any Sequence Of Dna Can Be Used For CloningChapter 18.4 - Several Tools Are Used To Modify Dna And Study Its FunctionChapter 18.5 - Dna Can Be Manipulated For Human BenefitChapter 19 - Genes, Development, And EvolutionChapter 19.1 - The Four Major Processes Of Development Are Determination, Differentiation, Morphogenesis, And GrowthChapter 19.2 - Gene Expression Differences Determine Cell Fate And Cell DifferentiationChapter 19.3 - Gene Expression Determines Morphogenesis And Pattern FormationChapter 19.4 - Changes In Gene Expression Underlie The Evolution Of DevelopmentChapter 19.5 - Developmental Gene Changes Can Shape EvolutionChapter 20 - Processes Of EvolutionChapter 20.1 - Evolution Is Both Factual And The Basis Of Broader TheoryChapter 20.2 - Mutation, Selection, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, And Nonrandom Mating Result In EvolutionChapter 20.3 - Evolution Can Be Measured By Changes In Allele FrequenciesChapter 20.4 - Selection Can Be Stabilizing, Directional, Or DisruptiveChapter 20.5 - Multiple Factors Account For The Maintenance Of Variation In PopulationsChapter 20.6 - Evolution Is Constrained By History And Trade-offsChapter 21 - Reconstructing And Using PhylogeniesChapter 21.1 - All Of Life Is Connected Through Its Evolutionary HistoryChapter 21.2 - Phylogeny Can Be Reconstructed From Traits Of OrganismsChapter 21.3 - Phylogeny Makes Biology Comparative And PredictiveChapter 21.4 - Phylogeny Is The Basis Of Biological ClassificationChapter 22 - SpeciationChapter 22.1 - Species Are Reproductively Isolated Lineages On The Tree Of LifeChapter 22.2 - Speciation Is A Natural Consequence Of Population SubdivisionChapter 22.3 - Speciation May Occur Through Geographic Isolation Or In SympatryChapter 22.4 - Reproductive Isolation Is Reinforced When Diverging Species Come Into ContactChapter 22.5 - Speciation Rates Are Highly Variable Across LifeChapter 23 - Evolution Of Genes And GenomesChapter 23.1 - Dna Sequences Record The History Of Gene EvolutionChapter 23.2 - Genomes Reveal Both Neutral And Selective Processes Of EvolutionChapter 23.3 - Lateral Gene Transfer And Gene Duplication Can Produce Major ChangesChapter 23.4 - Molecular Evolution Has Many Practical ApplicationsChapter 24 - The History Of Life On EarthChapter 24.1 - Events In Earth’s History Can Be DatedChapter 24.2 - Changes In Earth’s Physical Environment Have Affected The Evolution Of LifeChapter 24.3 - Major Events In The Evolution Of Life Can Be Read In The Fossil RecordChapter 25 - Bacteria, Archaea, And VirusesChapter 25.1 - Bacteria And Archaea Are The Two Primary Divisions Of LifeChapter 25.2 - Prokaryote Diversity Reflects The Ancient Origins Of LifeChapter 25.3 - Ecological Communities Depend On ProkaryotesChapter 25.4 - Viruses Have Evolved Many TimesChapter 26 - The Origin And Diversification Of EukaryotesChapter 26.1 - Eukaryotes Acquired Features From Both Archaea And BacteriaChapter 26.2 - Major Lineages Of Eukaryotes Diversified In The PrecambrianChapter 26.3 - Protists Reproduce Sexually And AsexuallyChapter 26.4 - Protists Are Critical Components Of Many EcosystemsChapter 27 - Plants Without Seeds: From Water To LandChapter 27.1 - Primary Endosymbiosis Produced The First Photosynthetic EukaryotesChapter 27.2 - Key Adaptations Permitted Plants To Colonize LandChapter 27.3 - Vascular Tissues Led To Rapid Diversification Of Land PlantsChapter 28 - The Evolution Of Seed PlantsChapter 28.1 - Pollen, Seeds, And Wood Contributed To The Success Of Seed PlantsChapter 28.2 - Once Dominant Gymnosperms Still Thrive In Some EnvironmentsChapter 28.3 - Flowers And Fruits Led To Increased Diversification Of AngiospermsChapter 28.4 - Plants Play Critical Roles In Terrestrial EcosystemsChapter 29 - The Evolution And Diversity Of FungiChapter 29.1 - Fungi Digest Food Outside Their BodiesChapter 29.2 - Fungi Are Decomposers, Parasites, Predators, Or MutualistsChapter 29.3 - Sex In Fungi Involves Multiple Mating TypesChapter 29.4 - Fungi Have Many Practical UsesChapter 30 - Animal Origins And The Evolution Of Body PlansChapter 30.1 - Some Animal Characteristics Evolved More Than OnceChapter 30.2 - Animals Diverged With Distinct Body PlansChapter 30.3 - Animals Use Diverse Forms Of Movement To FeedChapter 30.4 - Animal Life Cycles Involve Trade-offsChapter 30.5 - The Root Of The Animal Tree Provides Clues To Early Animal DiversificationChapter 31 - Protostome AnimalsChapter 31.1 - Protostomes Account For More Than Half Of All Described SpeciesChapter 31.2 - Many Lophotrochozoans Have Ciliated Feeding Structures Or Life StagesChapter 31.3 - Ecdysozoans Grow By Shedding Their CuticlesChapter 31.4 - Arthropods Are The Most Abundant And Diverse Group Of AnimalsChapter 32 - Deuterostome AnimalsChapter 32.1 - Deuterostomes Include Echinoderms, Hemichordates, And ChordatesChapter 32.2 - Echinoderms And Hemichordates Are Restricted To Marine EnvironmentsChapter 32.3 - Chordates Have A Dorsal Nerve Cord And A NotochordChapter 32.4 - Life On Land Contributed To Vertebrate DiversificationChapter 32.5 - Humans Evolved Among The PrimatesChapter 33 - The Plant BodyChapter 33.1 - The Plant Body Is Organized In A Distinctive WayChapter 33.2 - Plant Organs Are Made Up Of Three Tissue SystemsChapter 33.3 - Meristems Build A Continuously Growing PlantChapter 33.4 - Domestication Has Altered Plant FormChapter 34 - Transport In PlantsChapter 34.1 - Plants Acquire Water And Minerals From The SoilChapter 34.2 - Water And Minerals Are Transported In The XylemChapter 34.3 - Stomata Control The Loss Of Water And The Uptake Of Co2Chapter 34.4 - Solutes Are Transported In The PhloemChapter 35 - Plant NutritionChapter 35.1 - Plants Require NutrientsChapter 35.2 - Plants Acquire Nutrients From The SoilChapter 35.3 - Soil Structure Affects Plant NutritionChapter 35.4 - Soil Organisms Increase Nutrient Uptake By Plant RootsChapter 35.5 - Carnivorous And Parasitic Plants Obtain Nutrients In Unique WaysChapter 36 - Regulation Of Plant GrowthChapter 36.1 - Plants Develop In Response To The EnvironmentChapter 36.2 - Gibberellins And Auxin Have Diverse Effects But A Similar Mechanism Of ActionChapter 36.3 - Other Plant Hormones Have Diverse EffectsChapter 36.4 - Photoreceptors Initiate Developmental Responses To LightChapter 37 - Reproduction In Flowering PlantsChapter 37.1 - Most Angiosperms Reproduce SexuallyChapter 37.2 - Hormones And Signaling Determine The Transition From The Vegetative To The Reproductive StateChapter 37.3 - Angiosperms Can Reproduce AsexuallyChapter 38 - Plant Responses To Environmental ChallengesChapter 38.1 - Plants Respond To Pathogens With Constitutive And Induced ResponsesChapter 38.2 - Plants Have Mechanical And Chemical Defenses Against HerbivoresChapter 38.3 - Plants Can Adapt To Environmental StressesChapter 39 - Physiology, Homeostasis, And Temperature RegulationChapter 39.1 - Animals Are Composed Of Organs Built From Four Types Of TissuesChapter 39.2 - Physiological Systems Maintain Homeostasis Of The Internal EnvironmentChapter 39.3 - Biological Processes Are Temperature-sensitiveChapter 39.4 - Body Temperature Depends On The Balance Between Heat In And Heat Out Of The BodyChapter 40 - Animal HormonesChapter 40.1 - Hormones Circulate Around The Body And Affect Target CellsChapter 40.2 - The Endocrine System And Nervous System Work TogetherChapter 40.3 - Hormones Play Important Roles In DevelopmentChapter 40.4 - Hormones Regulate Metabolism And The Internal EnvironmentChapter 41 - Immunology: Animal DefenseChapter 41.1 - Animals Use Innate And Adaptive Mechanisms For DefenseChapter 41.2 - Innate Defenses Are NonspecificChapter 41.3 - Adaptive Defenses Are SpecificChapter 41.4 - The Humoral Adaptive Response Involves AntibodiesChapter 41.5 - The Cellular Adaptive Response Involves T Cells And ReceptorsChapter 41.6 - Malfunctions In Immunity Can Be HarmfulChapter 42 - Animal ReproductionChapter 42.1 - Asexual Reproduction Is Efficient But Limits Genetic VariabilityChapter 42.2 - 2sexual Reproduction Involves The Union Of Haploid Egg And SpermChapter 42.3 - Male Sex Organs Produce And May Deliver SpermChapter 42.4 - Female Sex Organs Produce Eggs And Nurture EmbryosChapter 42.5 - Fertility Can Be ControlledChapter 43 - Animal DevelopmentChapter 43.1 - Fertilization Activates DevelopmentChapter 43.2 - Mitosis Divides Up The Early EmbryoChapter 43.3 - Gastrulation Generates Multiple Tissue LayersChapter 43.4 - Organs Develop From The Three Germ LayersChapter 43.5 - Extraembryonic Membranes Nurture Avian And Mammalian EmbryosChapter 44 - Neurons, Glia, And Nervous SystemsChapter 44.1 - Neurons And Glia Are Unique Cells Of Nervous SystemsChapter 44.2 - Neurons Generate And Transmit Electric SignalsChapter 44.3 - Neurons Communicate With Other CellsChapter 44.4 - Neurons And Glia Form Information-processing CircuitsChapter 45 - Sensory SystemsChapter 45.1 - Sensory Receptor Cells Convert Stimuli Into Action PotentialsChapter 45.2 - Chemoreceptors Respond To Specific MoleculesChapter 45.3 - Mechanoreceptors Respond To Physical ForcesChapter 45.4 - Photoreceptors Respond To LightChapter 46 - The Mammalian Nervous System: Structure And Higher FunctionsChapter 46.1 - Functions Are Localized In The Nervous SystemChapter 46.2 - Nervous System Functions Rely On Neural CircuitsChapter 46.3 - Higher Brain Functions Involve Integration Of Multiple SystemsChapter 47 - Musculoskeletal SystemsChapter 47.1 - Interactions Of Actin And Myosin Cause Muscles To ContractChapter 47.2 - Many Factors Affect Muscle PerformanceChapter 47.3 - Muscles And Skeletal Systems Work TogetherChapter 48 - Gas ExchangeChapter 48.1 - Respiratory Gas Exchange Is Governed By Physical FactorsChapter 48.2 - Enhancing Diffusion Maximizes Respiratory Gas ExchangeChapter 48.3 - Humans Have Tidal RespirationChapter 48.4 - Respiratory Gases Are Transported By The BloodChapter 48.5 - Breathing Is Homeostatically RegulatedChapter 49 - Circulatory SystemsChapter 49.1 - Circulatory Systems Serve Many FunctionsChapter 49.2 - Vertebrate Circulatory Systems Evolved From Single To Double CircuitsChapter 49.3 - Heart Function Depends On Properties Of Cardiac MuscleChapter 49.4 - Circulatory System Functions Depend On Blood And Blood VesselsChapter 49.5 - The Circulation Is Controlled By Hormonal And Neural SignalsChapter 50 - Nutrition, Digestion, And AbsorptionChapter 50.1 - Food Provides Energy As Well As Materials For BiosynthesisChapter 50.2 - Diverse Adaptations Support Ingestion And Digestion Of FoodChapter 50.3 - The Vertebrate Gastrointestinal System Is A Disassembly LineChapter 50.4 - Nutrient Availability Is Controlled And RegulatedChapter 51 - Salt And Water Balance And Nitrogen ExcretionChapter 51.1 - Excretory Systems Regulate Osmotic And Ionic ConcentrationsChapter 51.2 - Animals Excrete Nitrogen As Ammonia, Urea, Or Uric AcidChapter 51.3 - Invertebrate Excretory Systems Use Filtration, Secretion, And ReabsorptionChapter 51.4 - The Nephron Is The Basic Functional Unit Of Vertebrate Excretory SystemsChapter 51.5 - The Mammalian Kidney Can Produce Concentrated UrineChapter 51.6 - Kidney Function Is RegulatedChapter 52 - Animal BehaviorChapter 52.1 - Ethology Led To Modern Behavioral BiologyChapter 52.2 - Behavior Can Be Genetically DeterminedChapter 52.3 - Behavior Can Be Studied DevelopmentallyChapter 52.4 - Selective Pressures Shape BehaviorChapter 52.5 - Behavior Can Be Studied MechanisticallyChapter 52.6 - Social Interactions Shape The Evolution Of BehaviorChapter 53 - The Physical Environment And Biogeography Of LifeChapter 53.1 - Ecology Is The Study Of The Interrelationships Among Organisms And The EnvironmentChapter 53.2 - Global Climate Is A Fundamental Component Of The Physical EnvironmentChapter 53.3 - Topography, Vegetation, And Humans Modify The Physical EnvironmentChapter 53.4 - Biogeography Is The Study Of How Organisms Are Distributed On EarthChapter 53.5 - Geographic Area And Humans Affect Regional Species DiversityChapter 54 - PopulationsChapter 54.1 - Populations Show Dynamic Variation In Size Over Space And TimeChapter 54.2 - Population Growth Describes The Change In Population Size Over TimeChapter 54.3 - Life History Is The Lifetime Pattern Of Growth, Reproduction, And SurvivalChapter 54.4 - Population Biology Can Be Used In Conserving And Managing PopulationsChapter 55 - Species InteractionsChapter 55.1 - Species Interactions Vary In Direction And Strength Across A ContinuumChapter 55.2 - Predation Is A Trophic Interaction In Which Predators Benefit And Prey Are HarmedChapter 55.3 - Competition Is A Negative Interaction In Which Species Overlap In The Use Of Some Limiting ResourceChapter 55.4 - Positive Interactions Occur When At Least One Species Benefits And None Are HarmedChapter 56 - CommunitiesChapter 56.1 - Communities Are Groups Of Interacting Species Occurring Together In Space And TimeChapter 56.2 - Community Membership Depends On Species Supply, Environmental Conditions, And Species InteractionsChapter 56.3 - Communities Are Complex Networks Of Species Interactions That Vary In Strength And DirectionChapter 56.4 - Communities Are Always ChangingChapter 56.5 - Relationships Between Species Diversity And Community Function Are Often PositiveChapter 57 - EcosystemsChapter 57.1 - Ecosystem Science Considers How Energy And Nutrients Flow Through Biotic And Abiotic EnvironmentsChapter 57.2 - Energy And Nutrients In Ecosystems Are First Captured By Primary ProducersChapter 57.3 - Food Webs Transfer Energy And Nutrients From Primary Producers To ConsumersChapter 57.4 - Nutrient Cycling In Ecosystems Involves Chemical And Biological TransformationsChapter 57.5 - Ecosystems Provide Important Services And Values To HumansChapter 58 - A Changing BiosphereChapter 58.1 - Human Activities Are Changing The Biosphere, Resulting In Biodiversity LossChapter 58.2 - Most Biodiversity Loss Is Caused By Habitat Loss And DegradationChapter 58.3 - Protecting Biodiversity Requires Conservation And Management Strategies
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