White Collar crime is not a crime unto it self, but instead a criteria that has to be met in order for a crime to be considered as White- Collar Crime; (Blount, 2002) hence the reason why Corporate Crime is also considered as White- Collar Crime. At the same time, White Collar Crime and Corporate Crime can be seen as distinct criminological categories, however, in order to reveal this, this essay will firstly be exploring Sutherland's definition of white collar crime and the perplexity with this…
Organizational crime is criminal actions taken by large groups such as companies, businesses, or organizations. White-collar criminals are responsible for more deaths per year than all murderers combined (Barkan, 2012). Overall, white-collar criminals are less easily detected by law enforcement than street criminals. There are, in fact, similarities between street crime and white-collar crime. Both commit criminal acts (usually in this case it involves stealing or some type of fraud) and they…
(Department of Criminology, 2010a: 3-8). This crime theory originated from classical school of criminology appears to be more effective than its predecessors who were focused on deterrence through punishment, and able to offer readily informed strategies to prevent crime. Where governmental jurisdictional processes to address criminal offending through punishment or social rehabilitation, as Farrell and Pease (2006) stated, seemed to be ineffective, situational crime prevention emerged to resolve more effectively…
It's no wonder that crime has constantly been one of the public's larger concerns over the past 30 years. However, since the middle of the 90’s violent crime in most parts of the country have declined. Violent crime rate was shown, by the National Crime Victimization Survey, to have declined since 1994. Experts offer a range of reasons for the sudden fall in violent crime in the mid-1990s, including: the healthy economy, changes in the market for illegal drugs, increased imprisonment, policing…
Classical thinking viewed individuals as free-willed rational decision-makers whose choice to commit crime was guided by hedonism, in terms of maximum pleasure for minimum pain. The focus of Classicism was on the crime and not the social or physical chrematistics of the offender. It was also based on what Beccaria termed a ’social contract’, a contractual relationship between the individual and the state to which individuals within society were bound. He believed that…
Lawmakers created attempted crimes to prevent the commission of crimes before they take place. They also sought to protect the safety of the public by allowing police officers to stop the continuance of criminal activity. Attempted murder is the incomplete act of trying to kill someone. It is a serious criminal offense that in all but a few cases of mitigating circumstances can result in substantial prison time (www.attorneys.com). Attempt is when a person, with the intent to commit an offense,…
preventing crime in the future will prove to a plus being that it is said that the UCR is quite reliable for keeping reported crimes of the entire population of the United States. So, if law enforcement agencies pay attention to the statistics that are reported, they will more than likely be able to predict as well as prevent where and when, also the time a crime will more than likely occur. The Uniform Crime Report…
all crimes are committed with some form of hate in mind. They say that if this is true then hate crime laws are “therefore redundant and unnecessary.” These people believe that all crimes are already fully punishable “regardless of why they were committed”(506). In response to these comments, I can see where some of theses people are coming from. For instance many of these experts that I read about said that it is just the minorities that get the protection from bias motivated crimes. This…
of organized crime with tactics based on a model of verticle hierarchy, they would undoubtably fail. This is but one example of organized crime being the opposite of it's literal definition, organized. The Definition of organized crime is not wrong due to the definition of crime being misused, as crimes both mala in se (wrong in and of themselves) and mala prohibita (wrong because they are prohibited) are well-defined, accepted and viewed by the greater population as being crimes. (Finckenauer…
The effects of newspapers and television, in particular have been found to differ. Newspapers tend to affect beliefs about crime, whereas television more affects attitudes such as fear of crime (Surette, 80). PRINT MEDIA The first mass media that developed came in the form of print media: newspapers. In addition to books and magazines, printed media traditionally tends to be more fact oriented. Print media can be more analytical in their reporting and can cover a story in more detail, and are…
argument is if hate crime laws are put into place, it darkens the lines between groups of people. How is this promoting tolerance? It shows people that we are equal by the very fact that the U.S government is not going to put up with crimes that are against someone because they are different. Another argument is that the government should not punish people more harshly based on their feelings that motivated their crime, instead of the crime committed. The reason…
attempt to grasp the concept of ‘What Is Crime’ using sources available from various locations, such as books and journals. Hollin, C. ( 1989, pp.4-8) explains that “crime cannot be explained solely by psychological theory” and therefore goes on to state three main approaches which attempts to explain what crime is. He also notes that there are of course more explanations than those given therefore again suggesting there is no one definition of ‘What is Crime’. One idea which Hollin states is the…
Crimes are frequently classified according to their seriousness as felonies or misdemeanors. Generally, felonies are more serious than misdemeanors. Under the federal criminal law system, felonies are crimes for which the punishment is death or imprisonment for more than a year. A misdemeanor is punishable by a fine or by imprisonment for less than a year. In most states persons convicted of felonies are sent to state prisons, while those guilty of misdemeanors serve their sentence in city, or county…
constant target of hate crimes in America. Gender Discrimination Gender discrimination is also a constant problem in America. In this are of hate crimes women are predominantly the target for these crimes. This type of discrimination happens in every aspect of everyday American life. Such places as the workplace for an example In America Many people perceive people that commit hate crimes as crazed, hate-filled neo-Nazis or \\"skinheads\\". But in all actually these crimes are committed by people…
environment. The purpose of this paper is to look at patterns and causes of crime in schools, the types of violence and who's committing the crime and finally, what strategies and ways we can prevent the level of crime in order to decrease and eliminate crime in schools. In order to appropriately address the issue of crime and violence in schools, one must first understand the social and environmental characteristics of crime locations. In Keeping Schools Safe: a practical approach, Sarah M. Watson…
impact of crime and characteristics of violent offenders.” The National Incident Based Reporting System is currently being tested to replace the Uniform Crime Report. This new system will expand from the eight major crimes currently being used in the Uniform Crime Report and it will also include demographic data on victim, perpetrator and crime. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, “The NIBRS is an incident-based reporting system in which agencies collect data on each single crime occurrence…
are literally becoming partners in crime, realizing they have more to gain from cooperating than competing.” Many problems are caused by organized crime every day. Criminal organizations are really sophisticated and manipulative. They are constantly examined by law enforcement officials which forces them to be furtive, secretive, and cautious. One major problem that we have is the victims that are or have been a target for the organized crime activities. Crimes include; drug trafficking, gambling…
The importance given to certain crimes in the daily newspapers and other media sources shows us proof to the fact that crime is a topic that has the public’s interest and is a focus of their worries (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2001). It goes on to discuss the fact that crime as reported on by the media increases the public’s levels of fears and that there is little or no correlation to actual levels of violent crime in our society today. Thirdly, crime victimisation data collected by the…
committing the crime outweigh the benefits of not committing the crime. The criminals look for easy targets that pose a low risk of being caught, but have a good benefit in return (Worrall, 2008). The routine activity approach states that in order for a crime to occur these elements must be present: an offender motivated to commit the crime, an easy target, and minimal risk of being detected or caught (Worrall, 2008). This approach focuses on how everyday life or daily routines lead to crime. The four…
Hate crimes are important to study in sociology because as more lifestyles and cultures become accepted, others may emerge to be discriminated against. Due to interactions and the effects the interactions have, perceptions and discriminations are constantly changing. While it is understandable that most people do not approve of hate crimes, they are kind of an important catalyst for social change. By studying the crimes and the reasons from the past and present; it can help create theories to better…
most of violence in the media focuses on violence by strangers, it is reported that most violent crimes are perpetrated on family members or acquaintances (Gale, 2001). The Rational Choice Theory assumes that criminals use a number of different factors and a thorough thought process before choosing to commit a crime. These factors include the risk of being caught, the consequences of the crime committed (i.e. jail time, death, familial consequences, etc), personal factors (need, thrill, etc)…
Victimless crimes, the illegal act(s) that involves consenting adults and lacks a complaining participant, have been the topic of heated debate for some time now (Kendall, 2014). This debate centers primarily on the question as to whether these acts should be crimes at all. The arguments take several forms. One of the controversies involves the importance of personal freedom versus society’s idea to uphold moral standards. A second issue addresses the problem of the conception of harm. People…
officers cope with unemployment.”) Secondly, Crime will decrease in Newark, NJ by the city assigning more officers to be on patrol instead of doing desk work. If there were more cops on patrol there would not be a lot of crime rate to begin with. Some officers do not get the chance to patrol. If Newark assigns these officers to patrol instead of doing desk work the crime rate would instantly drop like when Newark had its first crime free month since 1966. Newark is a large city that need…
Conspiracy is an arrangement between more than one people to commit a crime. An overt act is “an act taken by one of the parties of a conspiracy in furtherance of one or more of the criminal objectives of the conspiracy” ("Conspiracy", n.d.). There are many requirements that must be met in order for a suspect to be charged with a conspiracy crime. The first requirement would be for the suspect to have to agree to commit a crime. The next requirement is for the suspect complete the intent of the conspiracy…
people still suffer many hate crimes. Christianity is the most prevalent religion in the United States. Many people belong to this religion. However, what happens when you don’t belong to Christianity. One of the most ancient religions that still are very much provident is the Jewish Religion. However, this religion isn’t a respected religion even after the time of Holocaust. Even today Jews continue to be the victims of many hate crimes. Donald Altschiller book, Hate Crimes: a Reference Handbook, states…
look for when choosing their hate crime victims? There are several different factors such as the individuals race (do they resemble Arabs or Muslims), their clothing (are they wearing religious attire), their head gear (are they wearing a head dress) and even their actions and how they speak to other individuals. Some examples of these hate crimes are murder, beating, arson, attacks on their religious mosques, verbal threats and even vehicle assaults. Hate crime predators don’t think of how they…
arrested immediately and booked in for their crime. (Gangscrossamerica.com, 1995) Gang initiated attacks are also common out on the prison yards and other common areas. Each gang has leaders who determine the crime that is going to be committed. Lower members of the gangs are then expected to carry out these orders or pay substantial consequences. In San Francisco, gang members of one of the largest prisons systems are pleading guilty to different crimes across northern California. These gang…
It allows us to examine what makes crime acceptable and desirable in the minds of potential criminals, and it gives us the tools necessary to use a proactive rather than reactive approach to crime control. To look at crime from a psychological point of view is nothing new. However, use of this technique may lead to better methods of deterrence. To begin, we must understand what the concepts are that have shaped the average person’s mind. In general the average person is faced with the concepts…
Crimes highlighted in the UCR are broken down into eight categories of offenses also known as part I offenses, i.e. as rape, murder, burglary, motor vehicle theft, aggravated assault, robbery, larceny-theft, and arson (Siegel, 2001, p.52). The UCR utilizes the hierarchy rule that implies that when multiple crimes are linked to one offender within the same reporting year, only the most serious crime is counted. The UCR also uses another category termed clearance rate, this category highlights…
determining who are the main race/group of criminals; this does not take away from the other issue that youngsters face. Even though they come from a area of high crime rates, and/or come from the same racial background that is sought out to be a threat to others, a wide group of these youngsters are ones that are not involved in any act of crime, or gang, they go to school, and participate in community programs, but yet are still stereotyped as criminals because of their appearance. According to Rios…
There is crime all over the world and it has been an issue for years. There are all different kinds of punishments for the different crimes that occur. The death penalty is one punishment used for certain crimes. However, the death penalty is not used enough. Every man or woman that commits murder, rape, or molestation should automatically receive the death penalty. One reason why the death penalty is not used enough is because it comes out of everybody's tax money. Death row should be funded…
In 2009, 6,604 hate crime incidents were reported to the FBI, 48.8% of which were motivated by race, 19.7% by religious prejudice, 18.5%by sexual orientation, 11.8% by ethnicity, and 1.5% by disability bias (Hate Crime Statistics, 2009). Recently, the FBI released the 2010 statistics that unfortunately reveal a slight increase in the number of hate crime incidents: 6,628 incidents were reported in 2010, 47.3% of which were motivated by race, 20% by religious prejudice, 19.3% by sexual orientation…
Court reform has become a big issue in today’s line of justice because in the criminal courts, defendants accused of crimes but not yet found guilty of anything languish in jails awaiting the lengthy processes of trial while victims of crimes feel deprived of anything approaching equal access to the scope of rights afforded to those accused of crimes. In civil courts, there are allegations that many litigants file frivolous lawsuits, playing "liability lottery" in hopes of hitting a jackpot whether…
criminal code. Prior to passage of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, the investigation and prosecution of organized criminal groups had not been conducted in a coordinated manner. Congress passed RICO with the specific intent of combating the infiltration of organized crime into legitimate businesses. Providing a wide range of criminal and civil sanctions to control organized criminal activities, prosecutors employ RICO to imprison heads of crime…
discipline, and how to live a lifestyle without committing crime or doing the things that takes them down the path of committing crime. These programs are set up into place to deter juveniles and adults away from committing criminal acts against society. Many programs have been put in place to help young people avoid temptation and follow the right path. There are many indicators which indicate whether or not a youth is likely to commit crime. The indicators are poverty, behavior problems, lack of…
Corporate crime is not taken seriously and the regulatory agencies appear powerless as the penalties available to them are ineffective in sufficiently punishing criminal acts and preventing future crimes. As investigations and methods of law enforcement are incredibly time consuming and costly, the current most effective punishments of committing a corporate crime are the use of; recalls, unilateral orders, consent agreements, decrees, injunctions and monetary penalties are most used. The use of…
True Crime or Moral Panic? Evaluate and apply sociological theories relating to crime and deviance Explanations of Crime and Deviancy Crime - an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law. Deviance-the fact or state of diverging from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior. Crime and deviance are seemingly effortlessly defined by the Oxford dictionary. However sociological prospectives have differing views on crime and the explanations…
All things have their problems. Contemporary Theorist believes that, yes deterrence may stop some people but for other is causes a backlash effect. The authors of Criminology: Explaining Crime and Its Context explained backlash effect like this, “…stiffer penalties will generate more rather than less deviance among some segments of the targeted population” (Brown et al., P148, par. 3). A study by Gary Lafee and some of his colleagues showed how the backlash effect works. They results of their…
Becker’s model of crime the number of crimes being committed will reduce as the possibility of being caught increases. This means that the benefits are less likely to outweigh the costs of criminal activity. By increasing the maximum penalty for a crime the Home Office will also deter people from committing crimes as the punishment for the crime is greater and according to the model the greater the disutility from punishment the less likely it is that a person will commit a crime. The Home Office’s…
Hispanics (an ethnic designation, not a race) were classified as white. Black youth were overrepresented in juvenile arrests for violent crimes. All juvenile arrests for violent crimes break down like this 55% involved white youth, 43% involved black youth, 1% involved Asian youth, and 1% involved American Indian youth. Assessment of tracking juvenile arrests and crime is important to know so the government knows what laws are working and what laws need to be revised. Murder arrests in 2001 were near…
community service, or referral to another agency. (http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/ojstatbb/delinquencytotal.html) Note: All of the above graphs and charts were based on info from the OJJDP website. Our group’s opinion on juvenile crimes is that we think that someone who commits a serious crime like robbery, murder, assault and rape, knows what they are doing is wrong. If a thirteen year old or even a ten year old would commit a murder, they would know that what they are doing is wrong and that they would get…
This can cause massive stress and depression for the spouse and children. It is safe to say that prostitution is not the harmless service so many people claim it is. Prostitution is not a victimless crime. Illegal drugs are probably the biggest issue among proponents of legalized victimless crimes. While many people believe in the principle of complete social liberty, they find it hard to accept the use of illegal drugs because of its…
become independent and stop relying on each other. This causes anomie, a feeling of normlessness which can develop into deviance (Taylor, 1997). However, Durkheim considers crime a valuable commodity as punishment demonstrates authority. This controls behaviour whilst also strengthening societys’ power, although excess crime reflects society breakdowns (Haralambos, 2008). However, Livesey (2005) argues that a perfect functionalist society would not need to change. Merton thought society was…
worse transnational crimes being committed, Sheila Jackson Lee stated a quote I find very accurate; “We have not won the war against drug trafficking.” Money laundering has been defined as the process by which criminals attempt to conceal the illicit origin and ownership of the proceeds from their illegal activities. Criminals obtain the money from their illicit activities such as drug trafficking, fraud, etc. From that point forward, three stages are to happen in order for the crime of money laundering…
in the forefront of the news for scams that have cost many individuals across the world money a closer look have been taken to prohibit these types of cybercrimes. Crimes people place among others throughout any organizations and society does affect the social and psychological motives on the person. The issues of international crimes help to explain the social and psychological motives throughout the globe. The images of social behavior help improve both theoretical and psychological motives that…
Sutherland was describing powerful social forces working on the individual and affecting skills attitudes and beliefs. B) In Evaluation biological explanations of crime help us to understand how genetic potential can lead to problems such as poor achievement at school and inadequate socialization, which may in turn result in criminality. It helps people to understand that criminals are not always fully responsible for their behaviour is a result of internal factors…
On the other hand, Paul Tappan is another example of defining ‘crime’. With a background as a sociologist and a lawyer he’s approach seperates crime in the defintion of a sociologist and as a lawyer. Tappan (1947) accepts that all sorts of ‘conduct norms’ and their violations were legitimately able to be studied by sociologists while, criminal law provides a precise type of these conduct norms to be considered a crime where “Crime is an intentional act in violation of the cirminal law commited without…
part due to a higher rate of violent crime in the U.S. and in part to more severe criminal justice policies. The reasons why other industrialized nations have less violent crime than in the U.S. is clearly not because they lock up more offenders and thereby reduce crime. We could debate the various factors that contribute to our high level of violence but a failure to incarcerate is clearly not one of them (Mauer 21-24). In order to analyze the decline in crime in the 1990s in greater detail the…
So for any kind of comparison of crime rates to work at all, it is crucial that the definitions of crimes and the categories they are placed in are similar. The next issue with definitions is that even the different organizations that compile crime statistics differ within their own definitions. INTERPOL for example defines murder as: Any act performed with the purpose of taking human life, excluding abortion but including infanticide (and including attempts).(Kalish, 1988) While the World Health…
corporate executives are believed to be dishonest. The public's concern with corporate crime has grown recently, but has been evident for several years. Corporate crime has also been linked to political leaders in this country. Corporate crime is a crime of power and profit for the offenders. Large and powerful corporations who have the support of prominent political leaders can be difficult to prosecute in corporate crime cases. At the Progress & Freedom Foundation conference held at the Mayflower Hotel…