Pulmonary Essay

EMPHYSEMA Defined as the permanent enlargement of the alveoli. Typically, the alveoli are tiny, grape-like clusters that allow for greater surface area for gas exchange. In emphysema, the grape-like clusters are destroyed, leaving behind one large “bleb” alveoli that is difficult to ventilate without increased air-trapping. Once the inhaled air becomes trapped in the bleb, additional oxygen-rich air is unable to enter the bleb. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS Defined as a productive cough that last for

through our capillaries when we smoke because of this loss in elasticity. Capillaries are responsible for transferring oxygen that is in our blood into the tissues.   It is the tissues of the pulmonary surfactant that are first exposed to the dangers of smoking. The smoke we inhale first go to the lining of the pulmonary surfactant. The surfactant is made up of phospholipids and proteins, so it is a good defense against this smoke. However, in the end the smoke affects this system, especially a developing

developed GOLD Standards that are used to define and stage COPD. Most patients with COPD have a history of cigarette smoking or alternative inhalational exposure (Rennard, Stolel, & Wilson, 2013).COPD is diagnosed by the physical examination and pulmonary function test, which is considered as a cornerstone of the diagnostic evaluation Rennard, Stolel, & Wilson, 2013). Once a patient is diagnosed with the COPD and staged, the treatment (pharmacological and non-pharmacological) should be individualized

The presence of airflow obstruction which is largely irreversible is a major feature of COPD. It is proposed to be the result of a combination of small airways narrowing, airway wall inflammation [89] and emphysema-related loss of lung elastic recoil [1, 90, 91]. The pathologic features of COPD are structural changes of the lung, including emphysema and small airway remodelling [92]. Small airway remodelling in COPD is characterized by adventitial fibrosis and mucus cell hyperplasia, and may involve

Lung consolidations may have a variety of causes including infection, pulmonary embolism, lung cancer and metastasis, compression atelectasis, obstructive atelectasis, and lung contusion Additional sonographic signs that may help to determine the cause of lung consolidation include the following: a)The quality of the deep margins of the consolidation. b) The presence of comet-tail reverberation artifacts at the far-field margin. c) The presence of air bronchogram(s). d) The presence of fluid

causes a decrease in respiratory function (the way the lungs work) and often, breathlessness. Early symptoms of emphysema include shortness of breath and cough. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis together comprise chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). HOW SERIOUS IS EMPHYSEMA? Emphysema is a widespread disease of the lungs. Close to 3 million Americans have been diagnosed with emphysema. Emphysema ranks 15th among chronic conditions

(9.5%); trachea, bronchus, lung cancers (8.1%); stroke (5.4%); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (4.5%); colon and rectum cancers (3.7%); diabetes mellitus (2.7%); lower respiratory infections (2.3%); breast cancer (2.2%); and falls (1.9%) (World Health Organization,

The Chronic Care Model and Management of COPD The chronic condition selected by this author to be managed with the chronic care model is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The Chronic Care Model (CCM) is a research-based method of managing chronic illness with an emphasis on the dissemination of information and disease management strategies (Nickitas, Middaugh, & Aries, 2011, p. 320). A thorough educational approach to managing the symptoms of COPD has the potential to help patients

Introduction. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of progressive lung diseases that can affect various structures of the lungs in a different ways and result in limitation of airflow. Statistics shows that COPD is the third leading cause of death in the United States; it affects 16 million diagnosed Americans with the disease and millions more who are not aware that they live with this condition (NHLBI, 2017). Even though COPD is often preventable and treatable, it takes

temperature variation, humidity and nitrogen oxides are the leading cause of respiratory disorders. Smoke produce irritation in pulmonary tract and other harmful pollutants implement bad effects to lungs. Prevalence of respiratory disorders is increasing tremendously (300 million people) and in future the ratio is expected to be high. Asthma is one of the pulmonary diseases and is characterized as an inflammation of the bronchial tubes (air ways) that causes swelling and constriction of the airways