Acid-base extraction

Debbie Lester Biology Lab 13 1. Arrange the following molecules from least to most specific with respect to the original nucleotide sequence: RNA, DNA, Amino Acid, Protein Protein, amino acid, RNA, DNA 2. Identify two structural differences between DNA and RNA. Two structural differences between DNA and RNA would be that RNA contains ribose while DNA is missing the hydroxyl group form its ribose. Also, RNA is created by transcription of a gene locate in the cells of DNA. DNA is doubled

proteins that encompass a large amount of the basic amino acids, enable negatively charged DNA molecules to be bound. 1 Found within eukaryotic cells’ nucleuses, histones serve to bundle DNA into nucleosomes. They make up a great deal of the components within a cell nucleus, and assist in regulating genes as DNA encompasses them. 2 In addition to DNA and histone proteins, chromatin is also made up of non-histone proteins. Deoxyribose nucleic acid, which is essentially known to be the genetic information

technique because this technique is used to dissolve mixture solid in a solvent at high temperature. The solution is then cooled until one of the compounds crystalizes. Extraction technique also cannot be used to separate these two compounds because of the same property they have: they are nonpolar, resulting non acid-base extraction. Extraction technique is used to separate two different compounds to organic and aqueous layer, which means one phase of one solvent has to be polar and the other phase has

exposure to any escaping solvent fumes • Handle the acids and bases with caution Waste Disposal: • Carefully dispose of all waste in appropriately labeled container • Do not pour any waste in the sink Reagents: Benzocaine - Very hazardous in case of skin contact, slightly hazardous in case of eye contact - Flammable at high temps - Keep away from open flames, hot surfaces and sources of ignition, ground all equipment containing material Benzoic Acid - Causes skin irritation, serious eye damage, damage

Buffers are solutions that resist change in pH when small amounts of strong acids or bases are added to it. Adding a strong acid to a solution would decrease its pH as seen in fig 2 and adding weak base would increase its pH as seen in fig. 3. One good use of buffers in a biology field is that buffers control the pH in order for the cells to live in a livable environment. If the cell is too basic it releases H+ ions into the cells and if its too acidic the buffer releases OH-. Therefore, buffers

results with sulfuric acid and caustic soda. Mineralogical studies showed that smithsonite can be completely leached but hemimorphite is relatively refractory to leaching. Abdel-Aal (2000) studied the kinetics of sulfuric acid leaching of low-grade zinc silicate ore and reported that about 94% of zinc can be leached after 180 min of reaction with 10% sulfuric acid at 70°C. Espiari et al., 2006 studied hydrometallurgical treatment of tailings with high zinc content using sulfuric acid and reported that

flowers depends on soil composition. Classify common substances as acidic, basic, or neutral An acid is a substance in solution which produces hydronium ions (H3O+) and is less than 7 on the pH scale. A base is a substance that produces the hydroxide ion (OH-) when in solution and is greater than 7 on the pH scale. Acids commonly have a sour taste, are corrosive, and conduct electricity in solution. Bases (or alkalis) have a soapy feel and a bitter taste, and also conduct electricity in solution. Neutral

DNA research was focused on the physical properties, extraction and the contents within differing organisms. At the time the double helix was discovered, 1953, most scientist believe DNA was a conjugated protein. DNA is a nucleic acid, a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomer and is the blueprint for proteins and cells, which is why they believed it to be a protein. The discovery of the double helix structure and the pairing of the bases to the function of DNA. James Watson and Francis Crick

it is a polar molecule. The nitrogen found in the molecule however, controls solubility. So when extracting the caffeine, the temperature of the water was increased to also increase the solubility of caffeine in the water. During the solid-liquid extraction the solid insoluble materials were separated

CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 ______ The fungal cell wall plays an important role in the physiological adaptation of the organism in its environment. The yeast’s cell wall serves several essential functions for the such as the ability to hold its shape, the regulation of water flow into and out of the cell, and the prevention of foreign bodies that might be toxic from entering.1 It constantly changes during cell division, growth and morphogenesis; this dynamic feature dictates the organism’s protection