Aflatoxin

Assignment: Aflatoxin Metabolism to Carcinogen Date: November 11, 2016 Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by molds and can cause liver damage and cancer. They are closely related to difuronocoumarin compounds. Mostly they are produced by strains like Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. There are at least 14 known aflatoxins in nature: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB) and B2: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, Aflatoxin G1 and G2: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, Aflatoxin M1 (metabolite

with cyclopiazonic acid and aflatoxins, produced by Aspergillus flavus, caused wide-ranging disease and death in turkeys [75]. As illustrated in the case, mycotoxin-containing feed can have serious effects on the health of animals after ingestion. The remaining question for this risk assessment is however whether mycotoxins may end up in the meat of animals, meant for human consumption, and have an effect on human health after ingestion in this way. Observations of aflatoxin- and ochratoxin residues

Exposure in domestic and laboratory animals In among the food crops peanut meal is considered as the most contaminated feed by aflatoxin. These are consumed by the animal’s thus lead those to hazardous effects. Contaminations of the feeding meals are mainly caused due to mold metabolites. These metabolites produce carcinogenic effect in rat, ferret, trout and duck. Mainly the organ affected by aflatoxicosis is liver by both short-term and long-term exposure. Symptoms like anorexia, icterus, rapid

Fungal contamination of food usually occurs accidentally, but it could occur purposefully as an act of bioterror or biological warfare. The potent acute toxicity and chemical stability of mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and T-2 toxin make them apt to be weaponized for bioterrorism [3]. Cereals represent one of the most important dietary items around the world. Cereals are very susceptible to fungal attacks while in the field and during storage [4]. T-2 toxin is a member of the fungal metabolites

associated with Turkey X disease. The toxin-producing fungus was identified as Aspergillus flavus (89) and the toxin was named “aflatoxin”. The Aspergillus flavus group (83) includes A. flavus and A. parasiticus, which are the primary and possibly the only source of aflatoxins, and A. oryzae and A.

Sterigmatocystin (ST) is a carcinogenic polyketide [12] produced by species in several fungal genera. Microfungi capable of producing ST are common food, feed and indoor contaminants, and may also be plant and mammalian pathogens, thus having a large economic impact for the biotechnological, agricultural and food industry [12, 13]. Nanotechnology plays an important role in the fabrication of different nanoparticles that can exhibit novel antimicrobial properties [14]. The nano-scale of metals

The world's most dangerous bioweapons Elisha shevchenko 9/4/15 Abstract Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) Bacillus causes anthrax; it is one of the most deadly bio weapons. Anthrax is classified as a class A endangerment according to the CDC. It poses a significant risk to nation security. The gram positive, rod shaped anthrax spores are naturally in soil. It can be produced in a lab; it

Biological Warfare: Testing and Researching Toxins Biological Warfare is the use and employment of biological agents to harm or kill humans, animals, or plant life. Bio warfare can cause a significant amount of casualties with less preparation and work then other types of attacks. The weapons are relatively cheap and, unlike explosive attacks, biological attacks can be used to kill a select group. This meaning a biological agent can be created that would, for example only target animals or only

Cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells. In a cancerous cell cycle, the cell ignores the signals that tell them to stop, and it just keeps dividing. Normal cells stop dividing when your body do not need anything else, but cancer cells just continue to go through cell cycle to make more copies. Also, cancer cells do not need anything to stimulated their growth, and it can spread to other parts of the body. The most common causes of cancer are tobacco, alcohol, overweight

False advertisements, euphemisms, and lack of nutritional education conclusively has yielded a downward spiral in health. As a society, we have been misinformed about what foods are nutritious and mislead in the process of trying to find out the truth. Our minds have been brainwashed by the meat, dairy, and egg industries who have fooled us into believing animal- protein and animal-products are healthy and necessary to sustain a balanced diet and lifestyle. However, this couldn’t be further from