Aldosterone

Situation: Two patients in their 70s present to the office at different times today, each with documented heart failure: one diastolic and the other systolic, and both are hypertensive. First, discuss the difference between systolic and diastolic heart failure, providing appropriate pathophysiology. ACEI/ARBs are the only medications prescribed for CHF that have been found to prolong life and improve the quality of that life. EXPLAIN the mechanism of action of ACEI/ARBs and how they affect morbidity

The cells in our body reside and function in the ever-changing environment of extracellular fluid (ECF). Survival and quality of a cell is dependent on the contents of the extracellular fluid surrounding it. Within the ECF there can be fluctuations of ion content, water volume, blood plasma pH and inevitably, metabolic waste. The levels of these ECF elements may be altered simply by drinking, eating, sweating or exercising (Manuguid et al, 2016). However, our cells can only efficiently thrive in

of adrenal corticosteroids. Lack of glucocorticoids, especially cortisol, causes various kinds of metabolic problems. The response to low levels of cortisol is increased production of corticotropin (ACTH). Lack of mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone (steroid hormone), causes sodium and water imbalance which, in some cases, can be fatal. The various forms of CAH represent defects in the different stages of corticosteroid synthesis,

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global pandemic. Whereas CVD was once a relatively minor disease, it has matured into the killer responsible for 30% of global deaths each year1. Although its prevalence is high and its manifestation assumes the forms of numerous diseases, many of those who suffer from CVD share a commonality: high blood pressure2. By increasing the chances of stroke, congestive heart disease, and heart failure, hypertension is a major risk factor of CVD. As of the year 2000, one

Research by the American Heart Association (2014) states that heart failure effects an estimated 5.1 million Americans and it is predicted to increase 25% by 2030. Heart failure is a pathophysiological condition that indicates the heart is unable to promote enough cardiac output causing insufficient blood supply to the body. Pharmacological treatment for cardiac failure is dependent upon the ability to decrease rate of blood flow and blood pressure. Survival after heart failure diagnosis has improved

The purpose of this essay is to discuss the role that sodium and potassium play in blood pressure regulation. When someone is diagnosed with hypertension or elevated blood pressure they are advised to lower their sodium intake and increase their potassium intake. This is based on the idea when there is an increase in the levels of sodium in our system this causes retention of higher levels of fluid. This in turn increases our blood pressure by increasing total peripheral resistance. Potassium has

Glomerular Filtration Activity 1:  Effect of Arteriole Diameter on Glomerular Filtration 1.   Compare this data with your baseline data.  How did increasing the afferent arteriole radius affect glomerular filtration rate? >>Increasing the afferent arteriole radius pushed the glomerular pressure, the glomerular filtration rate, and the volume of urine to be higher than the baseline data. Increasing the afferent arteriole radius increased the glomerular filtration rate.   2.   Under

Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, characterized by excessive diarrhea and usually accompanied by vomiting. A big factor in severity of the patient and how they should be treated will be the level of dehydration, which effects the body in many ways. Vomiting and diarrhea cause a number of changes to the body. With the loss of stomach contents, we also see a loss of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), which in turn contributes to the loss of potassium, or hypokalemia, and loss

Learning Goals 1) Locate where in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway ACE inhibitors act 2) Identify commonly prescribed antihypertensive medication by primary care physicians 3) List 3 possible side effects from inappropriate ACE inhibitor prescription 4) Suggest possible regulations of ACE inhibitor use for primary care physicians and alternative treatment plans for patients Introduction Cardiac related diseases account for over 56 million annual deaths worldwide.1 Cardiovascular

Treatment of heart failure is guided by its etiology. In patients with congenital heart diseases like shunts or single ventricle physiology, therapeutic options typically include surgical repair of the cardiac lesion if possible. Timing is crucial in these cases depending on several factors like the size of the patients and the presence of favorable physiology before proceeding to corrective surgeries. Meanwhile, medical treatment helps in controlling signs and symptoms of heart failure. We will