Anaemia

Tamilnadu Government nutritious meal programme, Tamilnadu Integrated Nutrition Programme (TINP), World Bank Assisted ICDS III Project (Tamilnadu) are also going on in India. *** Chapter - 10 Nutritional Requirement in Adolescence Adolescence is the period that extends from the onset of puberty until full growth is reached. For most individuals, adolescence occurs between the ages of 12 and 20. It is second only to infancy in the nutritional requirements necessary for growth and development

and role in the building and repair of tissues and cells. Additionally on the nervous level, B12 protects the nerve cells from damage, ensuring effective sending of signals. Deficiencies can lead to a number of health defects including anaemia, megaloblastic anaemia, cardiovascular issues and neural defects. Factors such as diet and lifestyle can effect Vitamin B12 levels in the body. However, the bioavailability of the vitamin is affected by gastric acid in the stomach which is required to break

that is accountable for 33.5% per 100,000 hospital admissions in the UK (Aljuburi et al, 2012). The number of admissions has seen a steady increase over the last few years. In 1910, James Herrick was first to record that a Bajan male suffered from anaemia due to sickled red blood cells however in 1949 Linus Pauling identified that there was a molecular difference in the haemoglobin of a sickled and wild-type individual (Gabriel, A. and Przybylski, J., 2010). Ingram V. made the further observation that

Introduction Haemoglobin is a protein molecule in the red blood cell rich in iron. The major function of haemoglobin is to transport oxygen (O2) from the lungs. The haemoglobin and oxygen combination is called oxyhaemoglobin, Haemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced haemoglobin or deoxyhaemoglobin which has a high affinity for co2 (Marieb, 2014).for this reason oxygen is bind to the oxyhaemoglobin in the lungs and carried through the blood stream to the tissues. Oxygen is then released

set of cells and on no other (e.g. cells of the red series, but not the granulocyte series). In response to anaemia. Cell development is driven by growth factors e.g. stem cell factor and erythropoietin (EPO). EPO is synthesised in the kidney, often in response to low levels of oxygen. This lowered level of oxygen can be the result of too few blood cells in the circulation i.e. anaemia. Increased levels of EPO circulating due to this, results in stimulating the bone marrow to produce more red

damage such as renal failure, acute liver or lung injury, multisystem failure, anaemia, the need for emergency vascular surgery and a prolonged hospital stay (Tremmel et al. 2012, pp. 38-9). Mrs Green may also experience symptoms of retroperitoneal haemorrhages such as “diaphoresis, pelvic, abdominal or back pain, and tachycardia” (Zipes et al. 2018, p. 202). Due to Mrs Green experiencing blood loss this can result in anaemia, as when haemoglobin decreases below 7.5 grams per decilitre (g/dL) this can

Introduction Rheumatic arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive disorder that commonly presents a group of mechanically related disorders concerning the degenerative nature of joints that is specifically affecting the articular cartilage and subchondral bone (1). Thus, causing a dip in the quality of life in RA patients. The aetiology for RA is unclear, however, a combination of hereditary susceptibility causes a reaction that causes severe inflammation in the synovial membrane (1). However, other

platelet level they are unable to clot the bleeding and thus leads to bruising. The patient’s other symptom of severe malaise may also be linked to the leukaemia and anaemia, due to the high proliferative rate of lymphoblasts in acute leukaemia, this can lead to less space for erythrocyte development which causes normocytic anaemia commonly seen in patients with leukaemia (Moore, Knight and Blann, 2016). Leukaemias are disorders which are characterised by accumulation of white blood cells in bone

Case Studies for M2: Abir is a young Muslim woman who has recently come to live in Northern Ireland with her new husband. Even though she does not have to wear the traditional dress, Abir comes from a very strong cultural and religious family and she wishes to live her life according to the Koran by wearing the jilbab/abaya, which are the long, loosely-fitted garments worn by Muslim women to cover the shape of their bodies. They are often worn in combination with the hijab or niqab. Patrick

inheritance and how it affects the future. 106 years ago the first HbS allele was discovered. It was the discovery of sickle cell trait. The discovery that sickle cell anaemia was a direct result of abnormally red blood cell in an anemic patient was realized a hundred and six years ago. Two parents with sickle cell anaemia will always