Azeotrope

Introduction Historically, the distillation of alcohol (spirits, wine and vodka) has been a high-end consumer in terms of energy usage. According to U.S. Dept. of Energy, there are more than 40,000 distillation columns in North America and they consume 40% of the total energy used to operate plants in chemical industries [1]. As a result, researchers have focused their efforts towards developing distillation columns that are more compact, utilize compressors to recirculate latent heat and possess

DFO was purchased from BVDA (Netherlands), and ninhydrin (2,2-dihydroxy-1,3indanedione) was purchased from Sirchie (USA). L-serine, glycine, DL-alanine, L-leucine, L-threonine, L-histidine, L-valine, L-(+)-asparagin, L-lysine, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and zinc chloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (UK). The artificial sweat solution used for printing the artificial latent fingermarks was prepared following literature method mentioned [7]. 2.2 Instruments Epson

Introduction The purpose of this lab was to learn about the different types of fibers and the distinguishing characteristics of used to identify them. Natural fibers and man-made fibers were examined in this lab. The fibers tested were part of a multi-fiber fabric with the following arrangement: Acetate Cotton Nylon Silk Viscose (Rayon) Wool The first lab activity was to observe and record the characteristics of each of these fibers through a stain test, a microscope test, a solvent test, and

being 110°C, 3-methylcyclohexene being 104°C, and methylenecyclohexane being 102-103°C, fractional distillation was used instead of simple distillation. Even though the boiling points are different, they are still collected together, making them azeotropes. Due to this, they cannot be separated by fractional

surpassed the boiling point of water at 100 degrees celsius, thus vaporizing it and collecting it after it condensed. If all of this occurred, the ethanol concentration by weight should increase from Fraction 3-1 and the density of ethanol should have decreased. The results of this experiment follow this to an extent as from Fractions 3-1 the distillate collected had a density as followed: .6857, .5719, .5741 respectively. The sources of error that explains why Fraction 2 contained more ethanol

Distillation is the process of separating components from a liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation, utilizing the different volatility of each substance (Wikipedia, Distillation, 2015). It can result in complete separation or partial separation (which increases the concentration of selected components) (Massachusetts, University of, 2015). The two types that were examined in this lab was simple distillation and fractional distillation. Raoult’s Law also plays an important factor

molecules of an ideal solution interact together just as they would separately, thus creating a solution that evenly mixes and distills.2 However when Raoult’s Law cannot apply, the mixture is considered an azeotrope. Any substance that cannot completely be on its own is considered an azeotrope.3 Two different types of distillations can be performed to achieve a perfect separation of a mixture. The first is a simple distillation where a liquid mixture is heated and the compound with the lower boiling

The main objective of the lab work done was the extraction of eugenol from cloves, after which a calculation of the the percentage recovery of it is researched, and to the running of an IR in order to analyze the purity of the lab sample. Eugenol is the byproduct of the oil extract from cloves. This produced oil consists of mostly eugenol and acetyleugenol. In medical purposes, the oil could be used as a dental anesthetic. It is also one of the best over the counter cure for a toothache. (Kluger

Jaynil Patel Lab Partners: Meghan Harbaugh and Chaimae Oualid TA: Prabani Dissanayake Title: Simple and Fractional Distillation of a Binary Mixture Introduction: Cyclohexane and Toluene are the two organic molecules that will go through the purification process. Both compounds are “colorless, flammable liquids, that dissolves with water” (Environmental protection Agency). The lab required using distillation, which is a process of separating liquids by cooling, heating, and condensing the

Fractional and Simple Distillation are two techniques that can be used to separate a single solvent or multiple solvents from a solution. Incorporating the knowledge of a compound’s vapor pressure and volatility allows the distillation technique to be performed. Distillation consists of heating a liquid to its boiling point, then condensing the vapors in the boiling point phase, allowing a pure substance to be the product6. To get to the boiling point of a liquid, the vapor pressure (pressure exerted