Bacteriophage

replicate and grow accordingly. Viruses use their capsids, the protein coats, to enclose the DNA and then use their tails to attach to the cell and begin to inject their own DNAs. The best-understood and most abundant virus is called a bacteriophage. A bacteriophage is a virus

its eggs inside of A. pisum; the eggs then develop and pupate, eventually killing the aphid. H. defensa is able to protect the aphids it infects by killing the wasps before their development is complete. H. defensa is frequently infected by the bacteriophage known as A. pisum secondary endosymbiont (APSE), which has been linked to the H. defensa protective phenotype. It is therefore hypothesized that APSE and the toxins it produces when it infects H. defensa contribute to aphid protection. In order

experiments with bacteriophages lead them to this discovery and helped them conclude that DNA is essential for reproduction in all organisms (Kirby and Barr, 2013). With the work of Hersey and Chase and James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin, the double helix structure of DNA was found, making it the starting point of all biology. The complexity and world of viruses is uncharted territory. The quest to learn about bacteriophages seems to be never ending. Bacteriophages are everywhere on

a) Phage therapy involves the use of bacteriophages to treat specific pathogenic bacteria. The bacteriophages infect or kill pathogenic bacteria upon encounter with them. In 1915, Frederick Twort discovered the viruses of bacteria (Abedon, 2011). The bacteriophage era began when Felix d'Hérelle published a seminal publication that demonstrated “un bactériophage obligatoire” (Abedon, 2011) Soon after, microbiologists began to include the phages idea into their ideas. Novel therapies are needed to

Recombination of Bacteriophage OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of this experiment included making dilutions of solutions, plating phage or bacteria, and determining the number of bacterial viruses or phage in a suspension. It was also conducted to demonstrate that two different mutants of phage T4 can exchange genetic material to give rise to wild-type phage. The experiment was used to distinguish mutants from wild-type by their host specificity. The recombination in bacteriophage was performed

concerned about the bacteriophages infecting other cells because each bacteriophage is particular to a certain bacteria. If the bacterial cell exhibits traits that are desirable to the certain bacteriophage, then the phage will chose to bind and infect it, otherwise people have nothing to worry about. 7. If the bacteria became lysogenic, people would see improvements much faster, because more phages are being produced to combat the cholera bacteria. 8. Eventually the bacteriophages will die in the intestine

the virus subverts the host cell to make copies of the virus, which then escape to infect more cells (Slonczewski and Foster, 2009). The bacteriophages T4 and X174 were used because the sizes of them simulates a human pathogen, since a human viral pathogen cannot be used. Bacteriophage T4 is used to mimic a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and bacteriophage X174 was used to mimic the Hepatitis C virus.

Introduction and Rationale for Conducting the Research - Include in this section a brief review of pertinent literature and any available preliminary data. (1 page maximum) In the United States, salmonellosis is the second most common foodborne disease, with 800,000 to 4 million cases occurring each year with over 300, 000 hospitalization and approximately 500 deaths (4,13). Salmonella enterica serover Typhimurium colonize in the intestinal tracts of many mammals and birds, and one of the major routes

resistant characteristics of this strain is to combat via the use of bacteriophages, organisms which can infect and devour the bacteria without harming the patient. This paper will briefly discuss bacteriophages, their benefit over antibiotic treatments, and the method in which bacteriophages are being experimented with to treat extra-intestinal

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