Bacteriophage

organisms1. It relies on the Cre-loxP system which consists of a Cre recombinase enzyme and a loxP site that directs the Cre recombinase, making the system site-specific2. The Cre-loxP system was isolated from bacteriophage P1 where it was described as being a mechanism used by the bacteriophage to insert plasmid DNA into specific sites of the bacterial chromosome3, as well as recombination amongst bacteriophages2. The Cre-loxP system was first tested in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) in 1987

While an earlier study suggested the evolution of Polintons from a virus [89], more recently, Polintons were hypothesized to have evolved from bacteriophages to become the first eukaryotic DNA viruses from which most of the extant NCLDVs have evolved [86]. Mavirus, a virophage of the Cafeteria roenbergensis virus (CroV) that infects the marine flagellate C. roenbergensis, possess terminal inverted

They decided to track the transfer of proteins and DNA between a virus and its host in order to prove this. They chose to use the T2 bacteriophage to deliver the genetic material. Hershey and Chase tagged the T2 phage DNA with Phosphorus. Since phosphorus can be found in large quantities in DNA, but in only trace amounts in protein, the researchers could track the location of DNA and protein

pioneer in the primary characterization of the CRISPR system was Francisco Mojica. In 1993, he was the first researcher to notice a pattern in a set of palindromic sequences. He was eventually able to correlate them with the genomes of certain bacteriophage. Following a more thorough investigation, he was able to confirm his hypothesis, and determine that the system was a function of the bacterial immune response. An unusual protein was located in the CRISPR locus by Alexander Bolotin in 2005, this

“Such a microbe would function both as a living diagnostic and a living therapeutic,” Collins says. Similarly, a bacteriophage—a virus that infects bacteria—could be engineered to treat bacterial infections (May, 2015). A bacteriophage may be used to make a bacterium once resistant to an antibiotic susceptible to it again (May, 2015). With the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, this synthetic-biology technique would

The Digestion of Restriction Enzymes BamHI and HindIII in Bacteriophage Lambda DNA and the Unknown Identification of the enzymes via Agarose Gel Electrophoresis BIOL3110L (February 2017) Elizabeth Phillips, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA ABSTRACT Agarose gel electrophoresis is used to identify the digestion of HindIII and BamHI restriction enzymes in bacteriophage lambda DNA. Restriction enzymes are the molecular scissors of biology and are used to separate DNA fragments. Unknown restriction

also a limitation as the bacteria causing the infection needs to be determined otherwise the treatment is likely to be useless. Such problems can however be addressed with the use of phage combinations like ‘cocktails’ used in the above study. Bacteriophages can also multiply at the site of infection and continue to do so until the bacteria is cleared from

Escherichia coli, is the most prevalent pathogen which is commonly known for its affiliation with human and animal infections and diseases such as diarrhoea, in addition to several clinical symptoms including haemorrhagic colitis, haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and thrombocytopenic purpura (Liu et al., 2012; Vanaja et al., 2010; Tomat et al., 2013). HUS in humans, is caused by a predominant type of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) in the United States. It is also the chief cause of acute renal

CRISPR-Nrl Loss of cone photoreceptors, which support daytime vision and visual acuity, leads to blindness in those with the disease retinitis pigmentosa. It is thought that cone loss occurs as a secondary event resulting from degeneration of rod photoreceptors. In the experiment, scientist use adeno-associated cirus (AAV)-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 delivery to postmitotic photoreceptors to target the Nrl gene which code for Neural retina-specific leucine zipper protein which is integral in determining

Aquatic plants Aquatic plants possess an excellent ability to assimilate nutrient and to create favorable conditions for microbial decomposition of organic matter. Compared to the conventional waste water treatment system, Macrophyte based waste water treatment systems have several potential advantages (Hans Brix and Hans- Henrik Schierup, Ambio.Stockholm, 1989): • Operating cost is low • Low energy requirements • Often can be established at the site where the waste water is produced • More