Cancellous bone

characterized by low bone mass and decreased bone density ending by fractures that occur following no or at least minimal trauma. Osteoporosis has multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms that interact in the development of the disease (1, 2). The disease simply results from the imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. Increased bone resorption or decreased bone formation may lead to osteoporosis. Bone is made of collagen and mineral components. The former gives bone its flexibility and

1a] A fracture refers to a bone or cartilage that has attained too much pressure and stress that causes a break in the bone or cartilage. Diseases such as osteoporosis and brittle bones disease can be the cause of a fracture as your bones are weaker and not as tough. Jenny’s fracture on the left humerus at the proximal diaphysis was caused by an overload of stress from the large object falling down. 1b] The proximal refers to the point of attachment where the bone connects. 1c] Diaphysis is known

Osteoporosis, also known as porous bone, is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue which leads to bone fragility and an increased risks of the hip, spine, and wrist. Both men and women are affected by this (although it affects women more) but it can be prevented and treated. In the United States, more than 40 million people either already have osteoporosis or at a high risk because of low bone mass. Sir Astley Paston Cooper was a famous English physician

properties of the various constituents of the bone are important to understand the origin of toughness and stiffness and their alterations with age and disease. 3.1. Macrostructure: cortical and cancellous bone At the macrostructural level, bone is divided into the cortical (or compact) and cancellous (or trabecular) types based upon their degree of porosity or density. Histologically, it is composed of a cortical bone wrapped around older cancellous bone having irregular, sinuous convolutions of lamellae

pedicle screw technique[14]. Sterba et al[15] found that the screw inserted vertically without convergence showed greater pullout load than traditionally technique. Santoni et al[16] report the cortical bone trajectory (CBT) in 2009, which meant a more medial-to-lateral directed. The cortical bone trajectory (CBT) technique is a theoretical benefit to the fixation of osteoporotic vertebrae which involves maximizing the thread contact with

and pectoral girdle. The human skeleton is composed of bones and joints. A joint is where two bones meet to enable movement. Hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle, ellipsoid and the ball and socket are all different types of joints which can be found in the human body. Joints are classified by their structure; the hip joint is classified as a synovial joint. As shown in image 1 the synovial joint has a joint cavity which lies between the two bones. This contains the synovial fluid that lubricates the joint

have new bone formation either 2 walled or 3 walled but it was said it’s due to the new CT attachment. Grafting procedure: In multiple experiments where bone grafts or implant bone substitutes where made with either: 1. Autogeneous graft: from same person 2. Allogenic graft: frozen red bone marrow and calcellous bone from genetic dissimilar members 3. Xenograft: from another species 4. Alloplastic graft: synthetic material with bone substitute These contained: 1. Osteo-induction: Bone inducing

of her right hip. In a complete fracture, it means that the bone is broken

needed to understand this thesis project. A description of the biology of bone will be provided first and its focus will be limited to femurs and tibiae, since those are the structures we have used throughout this project. As well, we will briefly describe the analysis techniques that are currently used to evaluate bones. Furthermore the theory behind the used technique and instrumentation will be addressed. Previous bone studies using transcutaneous in vivo Raman spectroscopy will also be

classification and ROM) INTRODUCTION Human beings have an endoskeleton which means the structure or skeleton is inside us and we grow around it as it accommodates growth. Comprised of; • Bones (206) • Joints / Articulation • Connective Tissue See Skeleton labelling Diagram attached FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM • Supports soft tissue and