Cancellous bone

causes weak bones and ultimately leads to fractures among old age peoples. Although osteoporosis occurs in both genders, but it is mainly known as women disease. Thirteen percent of men above 50 will present with an osteoporotic fracture in their lifetime, as compared with 40 % of females (46). Osteoporosis is of two types; primary osteoporosis (post menopausal osteoporosis) and secondary osteoporosis (senile osteoporosis) (47). 2.2 Skeletal system The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints

loco-motor system. The system is formed by bones, cartilage, ligaments, muscles, tendons, joints and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. The skeletal part of the system works as storage system for calcium and phosphorus. It is essential for bones to regulate mineral balance in the bloodstream, and then the variation of minerals is high, these minerals are stored in bone; when it is low, minerals are withdrawn from the bone. The skeleton system has a critical relationship

Injury Bone is a living tissue that can adapt to allow efficient self-repair to prevent fractures. However, fractures occur when loads exceed the bone strength that progressively damage the bone beyond a state of repair (Doblare, et al, 2004). Condylar Fractures are vertical fractures that occur in the sagittal plane of the distal cannon bone caused by numerous potential limb actions under different loading conditions (Brokken, 2015) 3.1 Forces of impact and loading on the distal limb Bones under

Bone is the substance that forms the skeleton of body. It is composed chiefly of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. It is also serves as a storage area for calcium, playing a large role in calcium balance in blood. The main function of bone is they support and protect various of organs in body, stores blood cell and store minerals. Bone can be categorized as a fragile part in body. The replacement and repair of bone due to accident, cancer or bone defect is a major clinical challenge which

of the article Osteoporosis, bone is persistently redesigned for the duration of our lives in light of microtrauma. Bone rebuilding happens at discrete destinations inside the skeleton and continues in an efficient manner, and bone resorption is constantly trailed by bone development, a wonder alluded to as coupling. Thick cortical bone and springy trabecular or cancellous bone vary in their engineering however are comparative in sub-atomic structure. Both sorts of bone have an extracellular network

up our bones change massively, as a baby you have approximately 300 bones, however as you develop and grow these bones fuse together to a point where by adulthood you have 206. As an embryo, your bones are mainly made up of cartilage. They are very soft and therefore are extremely fragile. Ossification is a process that uses calcium, as the child grows, to create bone. Gradually as ossification occurs bones get stronger and harder. Osteoblasts are cells that form in the marrow of bones. These cells

Score(TBS) The Role of Bone Density Imaging A patient can find out whether they have osteoporosis or if they should be concern about their bones by having a bone density(DXA) scan. This test is also called dexa or a bone mass measurement. This test is performed by a specific x-ray machine, in which is an estimation amount of bone mass in the patient’s hip, spine, and sometimes other bones. In addition to a two-dimensional x-ray based imaging, DXA, a software system called trabecular bone score(TBS) is added

1. Bone physiology There are two types of bone tissue: cancellous bone and cortical bone, whereas there are four main types of bone cells (Table 1). Bones serve multiple functions; mainly protecting various organs within the body and assisting mobility. Due to their rigidity, they support and maintain the shape of the body. Also, bones are essential in hematopoiesis and for physiological processes. Their calcium and phosphate containing crystals regulate mineral homeostasis and metabolic processes

Bone regeneration is a complex, well-orchestrated physiological process of bone formation, which can be seen during normal fracture healing, and is involved in continuous remodelling throughout adult life. However, there are complex clinical conditions in which bone regeneration is required in large quantity, such as for skeletal reconstruction of large bone defects created by trauma, infection, tumour resection and skeletal abnormalities, or cases in which the regenerative process is compromised

diagnostic imaging of osteoporosis are identifying the presence of osteoporosis, and quantifying the bone mass using semi-quantitative or quantitative methods (Guglielmi et al., 2011). X-ray Prior to the evolution of the newer techniques, osteoporosis was diagnosed by plain radiographs through analyzing the trabecular pattern in the upper femur and calcaneus or the cortical thinning of metacarpals and long bones (Sadat-Ali