Carbocation

positively charged while the nucleophile is negatively charged achieving a hydrogen bond. Two factors that contributed to the rate of reaction for S_N 1 are stability of the carbocation and the leaving group departure. The more stable the carbocation, the faster the reaction generates and the better the leaving group, it creates a carbocation faster, which in turn leads to a

experiment was to identify which stereoisomer predominated in the reaction and determine the most favored cation intermediate. The first step of the mechanism was to break the alkene pi bond and form a new C-Br bond. When the alkene broke, a secondary carbocation formed. The bromide anion attached to

bromine is a good leaving group due to its large size and low electronegativity, a stable tertiary carbocation is formed, and a weak nucleophile is formed. Since a strong acid, HBr, is formed as a byproduct of this reaction, SN1 dominates over E1. The first step in an SN1 reaction is the formation of a highly reactive carbocation, in which a leaving group is ejected. The ionization to form a carbocation is the rate limiting step of an SN1 reaction, as it is highly endothermic and has a large activation

In order to synthesis tert-butyl chloride, HCl is used in a substitution reaction to displace an OH molecule that is connected to the tert-butyl molecule. Substitution reactions for alkyl halides can go one of two ways; an Sn1 reaction or an Sn2 reaction. An Sn1 reaction is unimolecular (only depends on the substrate), and requires a very weak nucleophile, a polar-protic solvent and favors tertiary alkyl halides as the electrophiles. An Sn2 reaction is the opposite and is bimolecular (depends on

This figure is the protonation of the –OH group from the alcohol SN1 is a limiting mechanism that is a unimolecular nucleophic substation reaction. In this mechanism it involves two steps, one in which the leaving group leaves and then forms a carbocation intermediate, shown in figure 2. Then it is able to break bonds between carbon and making it able for carbon to leave the group before the bond forming with nucleophile begins1. R- --OH2 R+ + H2O Br- Figure 2.In this figure it shows

and no gas was evolved. It can be assumed that our product is a tertiary alcohol which 2-methyl-2-hexanol is. The next test that was performed was the lucas test. In the lucas test tertiary alcohols react the fastest because a carbocation is made and tertiary carbocations are easiest to make. Tertiary alcohols, such as

nucleophilic substitution SN1 reaction which involves 3 steps. The reaction mechanism can be portrayed as such: 1st step involves the spontaneous dissociation of the (CH3)3CCl to form carbocation intermediate and chloride ion. This is the slow step which determines the rate of reaction. 2nd step involves the carbocation intermediate being attacked by water that acts as a nucleophile to form protonated alcohol intermediate. This is the fast step and does not determine rate of reaction. 3rd step involves

Substitution 5. Introduction In this experiment, a primary alcohol was converted into a primary bromoalkane using hydrobromic acid. The reaction was done under reflux and then distilled to obtain a product of higher purity. The degree of the alkyl halide obtained from the experiment was tested with silver nitrate and sodium iodide. An infrared (IR) spectra and the weight of the product were obtained for further analysis. The IR gave information on the present functional groups and product weight

Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution is the substitution of one functional group for another functional group. The substitution is made at a saturated carbon atom. A saturated carbon is a carbon atom that is sp3-hybridized. For a compound to be considered a nucleophile they must possess certain properties. Nucleophiles must contain at least one pair of non-bonding electrons and be neutral or have a negative charge. Through nucleophilic substitution the non-bonding electrons are donated to the

Synthesis of Aspirin Ling Tecson Gamido, Mitchiko Mariel M. Mizukami Abstract Acetylsalicylic acid, or also known as aspirin is known to be a drug that relives people of pain and is commonly used even today. It is synthesized from salicylic acid and ethanoic anhydride, both of small quantities. Phosphoric acid was used as a catalyst in the synthesis to speed up the process. Esterification is involved and the final product is aspirin with the presence of acetic acid as the byproduct. In order