Carcinoma in situ

can't be measured. · T0 means there is no evidence of primary tumor (it cannot be found). · Tis means that the cancer cells are only growing in the most superficial layer of tissue, without growing into deeper tissues. This is also known as in situ cancer or pre-cancer. · The numbers T1, T2, T3, and T4 describe the tumor size and/or level of invasion into nearby structures. The higher the T number, the larger the tumor and/or the more it has grown into nearby tissues. The N category describes

LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION: This section is going to review literature on overview of breast cancer, its causes, signs and symptoms and risk factors. It will also look at literature on screening methods of breast cancer, particularly mammogram. OVERVIEW OF BREAST CANCER According to Rodney et al (2003), breast cancer is the commonly occurring cancer in women, responsible for one third of all malignancies in females. It is said to be the second to lung cancer as a cause of cancer mortality and

Introduction Did you know there is more of a link between cervical cancer and HPV than smoking and lung cancer? Cervical cancer is currently the fourth most common cancer in women and the second leading cause of death from cancer in women. Along with those statistics, human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted viral disease amongst men and women worldwide. The prevalence of women having a strain of HPV that ultimately leads to or increases the chance of cervical cancer is highly

I was born November 3, 1960, as Susan Ann Hlavacek, with my identical twin sister Sandra Marie Hlavacek. I am the older sister by eight minutes. According to my Dad, they didn’t know that they were expecting twins. They were very surprised when Sandy was born, not only did they have one little girl; now they have two little girls coming home. Forty-nine years later, one of their little girls would be diagnosed with Breast Cancer, a disease that would change my life forever. My journey started 55

Replacement Therapy) for relief of menopause symptoms for more than 5 years may slightly increase the risk of breast cancer (Breast Cancer Statistics, 2008). There are four stages of breast cancer. The Stage 0 is noninvasive breast cancer, that is, carcinoma in situ with no affected lymph nodes or metastasis. Stage zero is the most favorable. Now Stage 1 breast cancer is less than two centimeters in greatest dimension and is only in the breasts. In Stage 2, the cancer is no larger than two centimeters but

Breast biology and susceptibility to cancer Cells that divide are at the higher risk of acquiring mutations than cells that don’t divide. Cancer is more common in tissues, which cells divide frequently such as with breast, skin, color and uterine tissues. At puberty, in response to hormones (like estrogen that is secreted by the ovaries) the breast ducts grow rapidly into a tree-like structure composed of many ducts. The immature breast cells, are called “stem cells”, divide rapidly during puberty

2.3.5. Tumour-associated macrophages Macrophages are inherently plastic cells, and this adaptability can be exploited by the tumor to elicit distinct functions at different stages of tumor progression. Less information is available about the complexity of individual macrophage activities and their associated molecular profiles in cancer. Many subpopulations of TAMs exist within a tumor, which probably change temporally during tumor development and geographically depending upon of their location

Breast Cancer The twentieth century has often been called and known as the cancer century. The reason being is that throughout the century, there have been more than a hundred types of cancer discovered across the world. In addition to the discovery of these many cancers, there has been an enormous medical effort to fight all kinds of cancer across the world. In the early decades of the century, cancer was considered to be a fatal disease, resulting in a high number of deaths. Although many

Breast cancer Introduction to Breast cancer Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer only surpassed by lung cancer. It involves a cancerous tumour located inside the breast but spreads if treatment is not administered. (Evert et al 2011) Breast cancer can be treated if diagnosed in its early stages but becomes progressively more difficult upon reaching more advancing malignant stages. Breast cancer can be confused with being a female only disease however both sexes suffer. According

“Cancer affects all of us, whether you’re a daughter, mother, sister, friend, coworker, doctor, or patient” (Aniston). Cancer treatment is a very sore subject, but many people are diagnosed with this disease. However, doctors have ways of finding cancer and treating it. Cancer is a very serious issue that needs to be dealt with in each patient. To understand the history one has to know the causes, effects, problems, and solutions of cancer. To understand the problem of cancer treatment, one has