Cell organelles

Essay topic: Symbioses between Prokaryotic cells that happened approximately 2 billion years ago are thought to be at the origin of Eukaryotes. But mutually dependent symbioses continue to be established at the cellular and organism levels. Read the section on the origin of Eukaryotes in the unit’s prescribed textbook and use the reference below to research and describe the importance of symbioses in the origin and evolution of cells and organisms with novel capabilities. Student and ID Symbiosis

evidence that supports the theory, including further examples of endosymbiosis. The theory, as discussed by Lynn Margulis, states that mitochondria originated from α-proteobacteria bacterium which was engulfed by the ancestral anaerobic eukaryotic cell, through endocytosis, and retained within the cytoplasm due to atmospheric oxygen increase. Prokaryote organism produced ATP, through oxidative phosphorylation, by receiving organic compounds from

Cataira Ramos Cell Biologist Essay Lynn Margulis was the primary modern proponent for the discovery of symbiosis in biology. Her discoveries have lead to much more understanding of cells and their processes. She changed the way that biologists thought the earth originated and how life evolved. Lynn Margulis bravely questioned the thoughts that most biologist had for many years, which also meant that her discoveries were sadly ignored many times, but because of her resilience of having her work recognized

branches of biology that work together to explain the structure of our body and its ability to function. 2. Cytology deals with the study and function of cells which make up the human body. 3. The structure of tissues that are studied is called histology. 4. The level of organization from atom to organism is ordered from atoms, complex structure, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism. 5. There are 11 organ systems. (integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic

Mycobacterium leprae, can shed its cell wall. This allows it to adapt to a variety of environments, including our body, allowing it to infect as many individuals as possible. I think this is a great example of part of the evolutionary synthesis, that heritable variation will be systematically biased. This says that variation will be biased towards adaptive and well-integrated variants. This mycobacterium certainly did that in evolving the mechanism to shed its cell wall so it can integrate into any

“Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all animal and plant cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, e.g. Bacteria” - (AQA 2008) Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, whereas prokaryotic cells do not contain these. Although both of these cells contain DNA, only eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus. The nucleus is the largest organelle, surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) containing lots of pores. The nuclear membrane protects contents of the nucleus and controls

Dying painfully in a hospital bed is not the way anyone wants to go. Unfortunately for many people, it is a reality. Thousands of people a year end up dying while waiting for an organ that could save their lives. While on the other side of the world, thousands of people die a year, but from infection when an organ is forcefully taken from them to sell on the black market. There are two sides of the organ donation list, and both can end in death. This paper will discuss the shortage of donated organs

credit for learning and discovering a lot about symbiosis (although she is not who discovered this concept). She found that mitochondria and chloroplasts are endosymbionts. An endosymbiont is an organism that lives to mutually benefit that body or cells of another organism. In regards to symbiosis, Margulis was not a fan of the term mutually beneficial. She instead preferred to describe this as two unlike organisms living

the mitochondrion, carries hallmarks of its bacterial ancestor. For instance, mitochondria use an N-formylmethionyl-tRNA (fMet-tRNA) as initiator of protein synthesis. Functional mitochondria is essential for all living cells, it convert the energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Although most DNA is packaged in chromosomes within the nucleus, mitochondria also have a small amount of their own DNA which represents less than 1% of total cellular DNA. The human

nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3535073/). The surface of the skin is formed by cross-linked cell envelopes and specialized lipid molecules creating the structure of the epidermis (NCBI). The human skin is slightly acidic (pH 5-6) which is beneficial for resident flora (Lambers). The human skin acts as a barrier which is one of the first lines of defense against harmful microbes, most commonly specialized immune cells help to fight off invasive organisms. (NIH). Levels of specific microbes can fluctuate