Cell organelles

or Medicine was awarded to James Rothman, Randy Schekman, and Thomas Sudhof for their pioneering research in cell signaling pathways. Together, they were able to solve many questions that we had about how this precise cell-­‐to-­‐ cell regulation is carried out. With their works, many scientists across the world can apply their discoveries in various

Organisms are made up of cells which were considered as the basic unit of life. After the invention of microscope, Robert Hooke first discovered cells by looking at a dead cell from an oak tree. His finding brought the study of cell biology. According to the cell theory formulated by lots of scientists, all living organisms are composed of at least one cell which is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing living cells. Cell is a wide type of substance that have variations between

The cell cycle has four main stages. The cell cycle is the regular pattern of growth. The four stages consist of Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), Gap 2 (G2), and Mitosis (M). Gap 1, consists of a cell that carries its normal functions. Calls also increase in size, and the organelles increase in number. A cell will spend the most time in this phase. But it also depends on the cell type to see how long it will spend in this phase. During this phase the cell has to pass a critical checkpoint before it can

The presence of a nuclear envelope surrounding genetic code is the main defining feature that separates eukaryotes from prokaryotes. This compartmentalisation of the genome provides a novel way for a cell to control gene expression, as proteins and macromolecules that are synthesised in the cytoplasm and function in the nucleoplasm must be imported across the double nuclear membrane and vice versa. ~Nucleus is greek for kernel~ The nuclear envelope is made up of an inner and outer membrane, each

their contribution in uncovering the details of vesicle transport within a cell. More specifically, these scientists have elaborated on the knowledge of how cargo is delivered to the correct place within a eukaryotic cell at the correct time. The compartmentalized eukaryotic cell must retain the ability to ensure that correct vesicles are shipped to the required destination at appropriate times.

1. They attach to cellular membrane and appear to fuse with them, releasing their content into the cell. 2. They are taken up by the cell and their phospholipids are incorporated into the cell membrane by which the drug trapped inside is released. 3. In the case of phagocytic cell, liposomes are taken up, the phospholipids walls are acted upon by organelles called lysosomes and entrapped drug is released. 1.4.1 Advantages of liposomes (6, 22, 24, 25): 1. They are biodegradable, biocompatible and

traffic, a major transport system in our cells”. Before this research, knowledge about the vesicle transportation system that eukaryotic cells utilized was essentially limited to what could be observed, including its various tasks and actions and its huge significance in cell survival. The question that remained unanswered, however; was exactly how this system was able to perform and control its tasks with such efficiency and precision throughout the cell body and beyond. Therefore, Rothman,

Mitochondrial DNA is the small circular chromosome that is found inside mitochondria. These organelles that are found in cells are called the powerhouse of the cells. Mitochondria and Mitochondrial DNA are only passed from mother to offspring through the egg. Mitochondrial DNA is a small part of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell. There are 16,569 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA which only code for 37 genes. Mitochondrial DNA is very helpful in tracking ancestry through females and individuals

and large polar molecules (such as glucose) are not permeable to the membrane. Membrane structure The plasma membrane maintains dynamic homeostasis by separating the internal metabolic events of the cell from its external environment and controlling the movement of materials into and out of the cell. The membrane is a double phospholipid membrane, also referred to as a phospholipid bilayer, and has polar hydrophilic ("water loving") phosphate heads around the outside and non polar hydrophobic ("water

Neveran Protozoan (NP) Introduction Neveran Protozoan (NP) is a blood-borne protozoan transmitted by mosquitoes that causes malaria-like symptoms, it draws upon the microbiologist name ××× while going through a vector transmitted diseases project research in Southeast Asia. Neveran Protozoan (NP) is recently discovered a genus of parasitic protozoans, plasmodium (Kim-Sung, L, Janet, C & Balbir, S, 2009). It is predicted to become a new severe vector transmitted infections with high incidence rate