Charles II of Naples

Uncle Julian dies in the fire and Charles is scared away for the moment. At this point Constance and Merricat have their first discussion about what really did happen the night their family died. Merricat upset about the way the townspeople treated their housefire comments on poisoning all

of cousin Charles. She had, on multiple occasions, said that "Charles is a ghost" (p.69), that he would soon go away, and that he is causing uncle Julian to become more sick. The last straw was when Mary Katherine had asked Charles directly "Please will you go way?" (p.80) and his reply was no. The third step appeared when Charles kept threatening Merricat that he would win Constance over. She was worried about losing her sister's affection, so, this young girl decided to scare Charles away. She

this is William Chiffinch the Page of the Backstairs of Charles II’s court. A man of humble origins, Chiffinch was able to rise to a position of significant power and influence through his connection to a powerful individual, the king. “Like many of Charles II’s household servants… Chiffinch had begun this intimacy with the king before the Restoration. He and his elder brother, Thomas, had been introduced to the Prince of Wales and Charles I’s Oxford camp by Bishop Duppa of Salisbury” (Allen

unification, Italy was a collection of different independent states. The Italian Wars, which went on from 1494 to 1559, were fought for the control of these Italian states by European powers. The most consistently fought over city-states in Italy were Naples, Florence, Venice, Sicily, and the Papal State of Rome. Many European powers were involved in the beginning, but soon the wars became a struggle between mainly France and Spain. While the Italian Wars were harsh on Italy, they helped to spread the

was Charles VIII of France (1483–1498), he invaded Italy in 1494, and manage to take over Naples that following March. Charles's success was particularly achieved due to his advanced equipment. The cannons used iron shot, which allowed smaller projectiles to achieve the same destructive impact as a larger stone shot. This made for smaller, lighter, and ultimately more maneuverable cannons.

John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez of Castile. Ferdinand was not considered an intellectual, but was eager to learn. Ferdinand was tutored by humanist Francisco Vidal, he learned to read and write which was uncommon for the time period. Ferdinand was named governor of one of his father’s kingdom by age nine. Ferdinand also mastered the art of war fighting rebels from 1462 to 1472. Ferdinand led forces against his father’s enemies and won when people tried

finally landed under the ruling Spanish Bourbon family. Charles III of the Spanish Bourbons seized the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily and was crowned King on May 15, 1734. After the Napoleonic threat had passed, in 1816, King Ferdinand IV of Naples and III of Sicily retitles himself King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. This began factions of unrest and a call from the people to unite with Italy. After Ferdinand I died in 1859 his son, Ferdinand II, became king. A radical by the name of Giuseppe Garibaldi

The dynamics of the Italian unification movement: Italian Unification (Italian: Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence") it is the political movement that unified the states of the Italian peninsula into a single country. Italy was ruled by a number of outside powers including Spain, France, and the Holy Roman Empire early on and later, Bourbon and imperial France and the Hapsburgs. Factors of the success of Italian unification:

mostly by France and Spain. The violent wars began in 1494 with the invasion by Charles VIII, King of France which devastated Northern Italy and ended the independence of many city-states. He conquered Naples but was soon drove out of the country Maximilian I of Spain and the pope of Rome. Much of the area outside of Venice was then devastated in 1499 by the Turkish Invasion. King Louis XII took Milan, Genoa, and Naples in 1499 but in 1503 he was driven

conquered the Italian peninsula. After falling under French rule, the peninsula was divided into three parts: several northern states, which were annexed to France, the Kingdom of Italy, of which Napoleon declared himself king in 1805, and the Kingdom of Naples in the south. Napoleon and the French brought new ideas about society and governing with them. They also brought the concepts of freedom and nationalism with them, which might have sparked Italy’s later attempts to achieve unity. Napoleon’s reign