Chemiosmosis

Activity 9.1 A Quick Review of Energy Transformations Review Chapter 8 and pages 160–162 of Chapter 9 in Biology, 7th edition. Then complete the discussion by supplying or choosing the appropriate terms. To maintain life, organisms must be able to convert energy from one form to another. For example, in the process of photosynthesis, algae, plants, and photosynthetic prokaryotes use the energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen (a waste product). The summary

phosphorylation occurs after the citric acid cycle. Substrate level phosphorylation gets energy for ATP by taking a phosphate group from a substrate and giving it to ADP. Oxidative phosphorylation gets energy from the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, since the H+ gradient has potential energy that the cell can utilize. Oxidative phosphorylation produces the most ATP under aerobic conditions, while substrate level phosphorylation produces the most ATP under anaerobic conditions (since there’s

concentration of H+ than there is in the stroma, thus causing a proton gradient across the membrane. The H+ then proceed to move down the concentration gradient into the stroma via the enzyme ATP synthase. The energy from this process is called chemiosmosis and combines ADP with inorganic phosphate (Pi) to form ATP. Light energy is then absorbed by photosystem I (PS I) which excites the electrons to a higher energy level. These electrons are transferred to NADP with H+ ions from the stroma to form

The light reactions also generate ATP by using chemiosmosis through a process called photosphorylation. The light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of two compounds, which are NADPH and ATP. The Calvin cycle occurs with the incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic molecules in carbon

broken when energy is needed; this forms ADP. This energy can then be used in anabolic processes such as growth and reproduction. ADP can be reunited to its third phosphate group through an anabolic process, which requires ATP to function. In Chemiosmosis, protons flow against their gradient from the matrix into the ATP synthase. The movement of protons causes the protein to twist. The energy from this movement is then used to catalyze the transformation of ADP to ATP Fermentation and Cellular

inside the Mitochondria is known as mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA. This DNA serves as structures within the cell that converts the energy from food into each certain form that the cell could use. The folds of the inner membrane are called cristae, chemiosmosis and the electron transport chain take place on this membrane as

while aerobic is involves the organism or tissue receiving and requiring air. Furthermore I learned about the anaerobic cellular respiration that uses an electron acceptor rather than oxygen to complete metabolism using electron transport-based chemiosmosis. Also in this reading I learned about fermentation which is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available. Possible test question: What is the name of the cellular respiration that does uses

produced in lumen hydrogen ions, move / diffuse, down concentration gradient ; across / through, (thylakoid) membrane / from lumen to stroma; through ATP synthetase / synthase / protein channel / stalked particles; generates ATP; AVP; e.g. ref. to by chemiosmosis ref. to an electrochemical gradient / proton motive force max 4 [6] 2. (i) light absorbing/AW; ref to excited

transport system, which is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. During stage four, oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport chains change the chemical energy into a form that is required for ATP synthesis in a process referred to as chemiosmosis (the movement of ions through selectively-permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration by transport proteins). Approximately 34 ATPs are formed in this stage. Moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial

respiration. With out oxygen, the electron transport chain would be unable to function. In the process of the electron transport, H+ ions build up in the inter membrane which creates a positively charged similar to the matrix. The cell uses a process, chemiosmosis that produces ATP, similar to photosynthesis. Each time a combination of high-energy electrons move down the electron transport chain, that energy is used to move H+ ions to the other side of the membrane. In total, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle