Chromosome

composition of chromosomes. The final commodity, chromosomes, is what engages in reproduction of offspring. This is done by fertilization, in eukaryotic cells, when they are in a haploid state as fertilization occurs after the process of meiosis. Meiosis is what aids the uniqueness of individuals and, “ensures variation from parent cell when the two gametes are combined to form a diploid zygote (daughter cell) which has genes from both the paternal and maternal sides” (banninghs, 1997), in chromosomes that

evolution of sex cells divide because it replaces cells that have aged and died. Another reason for why cells divide is because it replaces cells that are lost or damaged known as regeneration. In a cell division chromosomes are replicated and it is passed on to daughter cells. The number of chromosomes

cell division for prokaryotes and eukaryotes cells. Cell division is simpler in prokaryotes than eukaryotes because prokaryotic cells themselves are simpler. Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome, no nucleus, and a few other organelles. Eukaryotic cells, in contrast, have multiple chromosomes which are contained within their nucleus, and many other organelles. In eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, all of these cell parts must be duplicated and then separated when the cell divides.

Abstract: The Deletion in the distal region of chromosome 8p23 is associated with major manifestation of congenital heart defect, diaphragmatic defect, developmental delay, low muscle tone, and behavioral difficulties. Haploinsufficincy of genes GATA4, SOX7, TNKS, MCPH1, NEIL2, and ZFMPM2 have a strong correlation to the array of health complications. To better define the genotype and phenotype relationships associated with this unique chromosome mutation, we review the complex arrangements of

When a baby is conceived, the baby receives 23 chromosomes from each parent, equaling 46 chromosomes. Sometimes during this creation a sperm or egg cell can causes that cell to contain 24 chromosomes. When this abnormal cell is included in the conception of a baby, that baby will have 47 chromosomes. The extra chromosome causes Down syndrome. After fertilization; cells start to divide rapidly. Depending on how the cell divides determines what type of Down syndrome the child has. Mosaic Down syndrome

that are diploid have two sets of chromosomes, one coming from each parent. This kind of cell is most familiar to us because this is the way humans are genetically formed. However, the process of replicating and packaging those genes is more complex than most people realize. The process begins in the nucleus. The nucleus is the epicenter of control for the cell. In every nucleus there is a set of chromosomes with our genetic makeup attached to them. These chromosomes are essential to the life of the

material is stored in genes. Genes carry the codes responsible for all of our inherited traits and are grouped along rod-like structures called chromosomes. Typically, the nucleus of each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, half of which are inherited from each parent. Down syndrome occurs when an individual has a full or partial extra copy of chromosome 21. This additional genetic material alters the course of development and causes the characteristics associated with Down syndrome. A few of the

characteristic # of chromosomes in each somatic cell; reproductive cells, or gametes (egg & sperm), have half that # of chromosomes Each chromosome is a very long DNA molecule with associated proteins that help to structure the chromosome & control the activity of the genes This DNA-protein complex is chromatin Distribution of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division Prior to cell division, a cell copies its DNA & each chromosome densely coils & shortens Duplicated chromosomes consists of 2 identical

Down Syndrome, also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused when there is three copies of the genes on chromosome 21 rather than two. This is a common disorder that affects many people. About one in every 691 babies is born with Down Syndrome in the United States. That means about 6,000 babies are born with Down Syndrome every year. This disorder causes many harmful effects that interfere with daily life. It can’t be cured, but treatment is available in many different ways.

most frequently occurring chromosomal abnormalities found in humans effecting people of all ages, races and economic levels. It is a chromosomal anomaly in cell development that results in a person being born with forty-seven chromosomes instead of the normal forty-six chromosomes. People with Down syndrome may have mild to severe learning disabilities and physical symptoms, which include a small skull, extra folds of skin under the eyes, and a protruding tongue. Roughly one out of every one thousand