Chronic

I. BACKGROUND Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease Medical advances of the 21st century have led to longer life expectancies and subsequently more challenges for the health care system as the prevalence of many chronic diseases edge higher in an aging population.(Tonelli) The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) continue to increase posing a significant burden on the public health care system.(Coresh) Between 2007 and 2009, the prevalence of

Pathophysiology Chronic Kidney Disease: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as structural or functional kidney damage or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less that 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 for at least 3 months.1 Approximately 1 of 3 adults with diabetes and 1 of 5 adults with high blood pressure has CKD.2 We estimate that more than 10% of adults in the United States (more than 20 million people) may have CKD. Men with CKD are 50% more likely than women to have kidney failure.2 Due to increased risk for cardiovascular disease, individuals

Robert Kerns article, Psychological Treatment of Chronic Pain, we examine how chronic pain has become such a problem it has become considered a public health crisis. However, this article is not just about the issue of public health concerns over chronic pain but how psychological treatment of pain is becoming more common and how things like a person’s behavior, their cognitive activities, and emotions are believed to develop and exacerbate chronic pain and pain related disability and emotional distress

benchmarks developed since it was first launched in 2001. It was produced specifically to improve localized quality in the delivery of healthcare. The document was chosen because I have a particular interest in palliative care and those suffering from chronic pain. Pain effects the quality of life effecting large numbers of the population,

nursing intervention studies, and she has co-authored papers, which were based from her study. Some cases are a scale that measures uncertainty and has been translated into 12 languages (Alligood, 2014). The theory is also used to support research in chronic Hepatitis C patients and the growth through uncertainty scale was developed from her theory. Although current research involving the study focuses in theory testing, there has also been a strong bases formed to establish research intervention development

lives, health care will be faced with the onslaught of chronic diseases that accompany the aging process. To combat this impending health care shift, health care is being transformed from the traditional hospital setting to more community based and long term, health care treatments/solutions. One of these diseases that plague older adults and impose a burden for the health care system is chronic kidney failure. Headley (2014), explains that chronic kidney disease (CKD) involves a progressive, irreversible

Chronic Kidney Disease Kassie Goncalves Walden University Advanced Practice Care of Adults Across the Lifespan NURS6531N-23 Dr Schiller January 29, 2017 Introduction Lately, the number of reported cases of Non-Communicable diseases has largely increased globally. Following Small et al. (2017), more than 10% of the adults in the United States suffer from Chronic Kidney Disease. Chronic Kidney Disease is characterized by the inability of the kidney organs to function effectively. Clinical

Introduction 1.1 Chronic kidney disease Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is global health problem with increasing incidence and economic burden every year. CKD is defined as decreased in glomerular filtration rate with albuminuria (Jha et al., 2013). Jha et al., 2013 estimate that the worldwide prevalence of CKD is 8-16% with higher incidence among poorer populations. Among the whole world countries, the highest end stage renal disease prevalence is in Taiwan (Chan et al., 2014). Diabetes mellitus is

Introduction Every human body contains one pair of kidneys. They are situated towards the back of the body under the ribs, just at the level of the waist, with one on each side of the body. Each kidney is composed of about one million units called nephrons, and each nephron consists of two parts: a filter, called the glomerulus and a tubule leading out from the nephrons (Cameron 1999). According to Marshall and Bangert (2008), the kidneys have three major functions: firstly, the kidneys