Cladistics

Introduction Arthropods appeared in early Cambriand and since the burst, the Cambrian radiation, the species have been the major component of animal diversity in the past of 520 million years (Edgecombe, 2010). They are probably the most diverse animals on earth, know species reach almost one and two hundred milion, accounting for over 80% of animal living species (Thanukos, 2008). Ranging sizes from less than 1mm and more thand 4m, arthropods vary from herbivores and carnivores, parasitic and

The subphylum Hexapoda, known for a common body structure consisting of the famous three pairs of legs, abdomen, thorax and head, is divided into two taxonomic groups: the Entognatha and the Ectognatha (Sasaki et al., 2013). Within the Entognatha are the orders Diplura, Collembola, and Protura (Sasaki et al., 2013). These are all wingless orders (Sasaki et al., 2013). The Entognatha are marked by an entognathy, which is seen as their mouthparts being further inside their head, being enclosed by extensions

Glue can be viewed as a sticky mess; however, it is the mold and foundation for the basis of many things. Glue is a binder for many things including art projects and practical crafts. Much like how literal glue sticks objects together, metaphoric glue keeps order. For instance, a father is the glue of a family because he is a protector, a money-maker, and a lover. In the dramatic play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, two families’ feuds have to keep lovers apart until their deaths. Their

Believing in Creating Families The novel Water for Elephants by Sara Gruen presents a dramatic and emotional plot about a boy, Jacob, who joins the circus after losing everything. As readers join Jacob on his journey, the question of what constitutes family is answered and the theme family can be created by those who love a person is revealed. Like Jacob people may feel alone and lost but, there is a family out there somewhere, even if they are a bit unconventional. Water for Elephants resonates

Although only about half of the Lucilia species listed as valid by Aubertin (1933) were included, these results strongly suggest that L. sericata and L. cuprina are indeed sister species. All of the Bayesian inference analyses (Figs 1–3) indicate that L. sericata and L. cuprina are sister taxa with strong support from the nuclear gene (28S & Per) and total data (28S, Per & COI) trees and weaker support from the COI gene alone. Lucilia cuprina is paraphyletic (Fig. 2) with respect to L. sericata in

It is easy to say that species are constantly changing, and branching off into totally new species. But how do we know where the species originate? Phylogenies help to show us how all kinds of species are related to each other, and why. These relationships are put into what can be called a cladogram, which links species to common ancestors, in turn showing where, when, how, and why these ancestors diverged to form new species. Without phylogenies, it would be extremely difficult to put species

Unlike others who may be writing on the medical aspects and applications of mammalian genetics, such as specific types of cancer genetics or stem cell differentiation, my topic will discuss perhaps the not as applicable, but by no means less interesting radiation, biodiversity, and phylogenetic relationships among cetaceans. This topic is of major interest to me because of my fascination with the origin and evolution of life on earth. When I was younger I had an ambition to become a paleontologist

Opazo et al. (2006) conducted an analysis and found that among the six loci used in their study, two of them supported the hypothesis which suggests that the first split was between Pitheciidae and the remaining platyrrhines, which grouped Atelidae and Cebidae together (Chavez et al., 1999) and one of the loci supported the hypothesis of Ateliedae and Pitheciidae being sister group of the family Cebidae (Canavez et al., 1999). These results therefore indicate that there was an initial radiation in

phylogenetics and cladistics evolutionary theory has taken off, and our understanding of how past societies and groups evolved has changed tenfold. To use phylogenetics and cladistics in your research it still takes a lot of practice and knowledge to obtain the right results, and to understand them. The programs that preform the phylogenetic and cladistics calculations were not meant for archaeology, as they need to be manipulated for our needs. Phylogenetics and cladistics are the best options

the differences between Organisms; that may evolve at the same time but have different genetic compositions. There are various types of data within phylogenetic analysis one of which is cladistics. Cladistics acknowledges natural groups which include an ancestor and its descendants. The information for the cladistics allows us to diagnose taxa clearly and the characteristics that are relative to other organisms. The graph on the lecture slides is an example of one of the tools used to correlate similar