Cortical bone

to evaluate the trabecular and cortical bone measurements (58).Bouxsein et al. (59) stated that micro-CT scans can be considered the gold standard for evaluating the trabecular bone structure (59). It gives a spatial representation of bone formation at region up to a few microns or even smaller. It also can estimate both qualitative and quantitative morphometry of bone integration around bone implant (60). Human cadaveric maxillary and mandibular trabecular bone with 3D morphometric data obtained

thin and is on the outside of the bone. It plays a vital role in growth and repair. It is divided into two sections, an outer layer and inner layer. The inner layer contains osteoblasts which helps with the increase of the width and length of other bone types. [13] Compact Bone/ Spongy Compact bones are also called cortical bone. Cortical bone is one of the two different bones found in the body. It is covered by periosteum and is lined with endosteum. These bones make up eighty percent of the human

Bone grafts substitutes: A bone graft substitutes is a biocompatible material that used to promote a bone defects healing by providing a biologic response to the local site [45]. In orthopedic surgery, exposure to a severe injury commonly requires surgical intervention to compensate and repair the defected site. Bone grafts often need to replace the lost part principally in critical bone size defect, with which the reconstructive process will be enhanced by supporting the tissue growth. Replacement

Introduction The adult human skeletal system consists of 206 bones, but the skeletal system is much more than just bones. It also includes the network of tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connects them. Bones aren’t just solid white lumps of calcium, there are various elements that make up a single bone. A typical bone has a dense and thin yet tough outer layer, called the periosteum. Periosteum consists of an outer fibrous connective tissue layer, and an inner osteogenic layer. The fibrous

(QCT) has also been developed to quantify bone mineral content and to assess bone loss (29). The main advantage of this technique is that cancellous bone can be exam¬ined separately from cortical bone (30). In particular, in QCT a thin transverse slice through the body is imaged: the image can be segmented to give a quantitative mea¬sure of volumetric BMD (unlike DXA) of vertebrae, as¬sessing the cancellous bone independently of surround¬ing cortical bone and possible aortic calcifications (31). QCT

Surgical anatomy of the mandible The mandible is a U-shaped bone that supports the lower teeth and makes up the lower facial skeleton. It has no bony attachments to the skull. It is suspended below the maxilla by muscles, ligaments, and other soft tissues, which therefore provide the mobility necessary to function with the maxilla. The superior aspect of the arch-shaped mandible consists of the alveolar process and the teeth. The body of the mandible extends posteroinferiorly to form the mandibular

Score(TBS) The Role of Bone Density Imaging A patient can find out whether they have osteoporosis or if they should be concern about their bones by having a bone density(DXA) scan. This test is also called dexa or a bone mass measurement. This test is performed by a specific x-ray machine, in which is an estimation amount of bone mass in the patient’s hip, spine, and sometimes other bones. In addition to a two-dimensional x-ray based imaging, DXA, a software system called trabecular bone score(TBS) is added

of the anatomy of bone formation than it was available to Duhamel du Monceau and John Hunter when they made the then prolific theories of bone growth anatomy. Duhamel proved, in 1742, that the bone is first formed in the periosteum and grows in superposing layers. Hunter, through his experiments showed that bone grows in length by juxtaposing layers and the medullary cavity (Trabecular bone) grows by resorption of inner layers of bone. He also showed that the ends of the bones show remodeling via

of the article Osteoporosis, bone is persistently redesigned for the duration of our lives in light of microtrauma. Bone rebuilding happens at discrete destinations inside the skeleton and continues in an efficient manner, and bone resorption is constantly trailed by bone development, a wonder alluded to as coupling. Thick cortical bone and springy trabecular or cancellous bone vary in their engineering however are comparative in sub-atomic structure. Both sorts of bone have an extracellular network

region of the femur is made of cortical bone, as a result; the bone is denser, harder and stiffer. Consequently, the healing process is slow. This region of the femur is an area where a big number of muscles are inserted, therefore this region is exposed up to six times the body weight during activities of daily living. (Mark A Lee, 2016) Etiology: The most frequent causes of hip fractures in elderly are falls and slips. Also, elderly people are susceptible because bones tend to weaken due to loss of