Council of Jerusalem

dates back to biblical times as both the Israeli and the Palestinian nations claim territories in the area of Palestine from over two thousand years ago. Because of the religious significance of many of its sites to both religions and nations, Jerusalem is by far the most heavily disputed area. After World War II, with the help of Britain from the Balfour treaty, the Jewish state of Israel was founded in Palestine. The Jewish people were in dire need of its own state for the purposes of stability

The Cause of Hatred and Distrust in the Middle East The war in Iraq is further poisoning the already noxious political atmosphere between Arabs and Americans. It has intensified and increased dangerous feelings of humiliation and outrage among the Arab public, while paranoid rhetoric about Western attacks against Islam elsewhere is spreading from the religious fringe to the mainstream. It is simplistic and self- serving for political leaders in the West to tell us that

Christ. James refers to the synagogue in chapter 2 verse 2 helping again to narrow down the target audience. The epistle, most likely written from Jerusalem since there are no records indicating James ever left Jerusalem after becoming the leader of the church there. Cultural Context The Jewish people were facing oppression, whether they were in Jerusalem or spread out across the world. Ruled over by the Roman Empire, facing heavy taxes from corrupt tax collectors, moral corruption of the wealthy

Henry of Livonia & the Baltic Crusades Missions to the Baltic are a little known aspect of the Crusading era. Although these missions clearly fed off of and fostered the crusading zeal, there is some debate as to whether or not they should all be considered crusades. While the campaigns against the Wends and Prussians were authorized by papal bulls and officially recognized as crusades, it is unclear whether the campaigns to Livonia and Esthonia in the 13th century can be rightfully called crusades

church. The crowd had been convinced that this journey would be one with an ultimate finishing point and marvellous rewards, and they responded by making crosses and attaching them to their clothes whilst shouting ‘God Wills It’. The speech at the Council also addressed other issues which related to church discipline. For example the speech emphasised papal spiritual and temporal authority by granting anyone who went on the crusade full remission of his or her sins. It was Urban’s first declaration

Urban’s public call to launch the crusade was made when he addressed the council at Clermont. However this was not a sudden notion but had been carefully planned.. He arrived in France in late July of 1095,- the first visit by a pope to France for over 50years - and began travelling around the country visiting various towns and

Crusades afterwards were only successful to the Third Crusade because the original crusades had a clear, organized, religious-based purpose, and later crusades outright failed due to ineptitude and greed. In 1095 Pope Urban II gave a sermon to the Council of Clermont in France urging nobles and peasants alike to join him on a holy war against

In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban ll made a powerful and well planned speech. His message was clear and precise, ‘go to the holy land in Jerusalem and claim back what is rightfully yours or die trying, and in return remission of all your sins with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the kingdom of heaven’. He was addressing Christians from all over France calling for a ‘Crusade’ in the name of God and as many would argue, abusing his authority and status he received from the

present with a privilege at few special occasions, example, the daughter of Jairus brought back to life by Jesus. He was also the first to see Jesus after his resurrection from the dead. Peter baptized the Roman pagan Cornelius and at the council of Jerusalem he gave his support to preaching to gentiles. He was imprisoned by King Herod Agrippa and escaped with the help of an angel. Peter died in Rome during the reign of Emperor Nero. It is said that Peter was crucified on the Vatican Hill upside

His first missionary journey was his shortest in time and distance. He was accompanied by Barnabas. This journey ended when Paul went back to Jerusalem for the Council. During that time he was already working with Gentiles and was convinced that all, Jews and Gentiles, should hear about Jesus. He strongly argued for this position at the Council of Jerusalem. On his second missionary journey, he travelled with Silas. They spent a lot of time in Athens and Corinth, the two major centres of Greek culture