Cryo-electron microscopy

arguments, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is an example of scientific application, which developed as a result of combined efforts of scientists from different fields. TEM facilitates visualization of minute cellular structures, something that provides a platform for further studies. However, with increased technological advancements and the quest for more discoveries, scientists have improved TEM significantly. In particular, several sample preparation

refinement technique using FULLPROF program to confirm the phase formation as well as to obtain the lattice parameters, space group and crystal system [2]. The microstructures and crystal structures of the nanoparticles were obtained using Transmission Electron

such method used is transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM uses electrons to form an image at a significantly higher resolution and magnification than optical microscopes due to the smaller wavelength and stronger interaction. Furthermore, TEM’s are versatile as diffraction patterns are also obtainable within the same tool. A TEM instrument is designed with an electron gun positioned at the top of the device as the source of electron generation. These electrons are then accelerated to high voltage

3.2. SEM and TEM studies Morphologies of the as-prepared zeolite nanostructures products (ZF, ZM, ZS, and ZT) have been examined using both of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. The images taken by SEM demonstrated that ZM and ZT are made up of aggregates of a sphere like structures with an average size of ca.3.54 and 3.07 μm, respectively. In addition, ZF and ZS samples were found to consist of aggregates of a (sphere

Abstract: Microscopy has long been proven fundamental in structural biology, especially for the mechanistic understanding of virus cell architecture and macromolecular functions. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a variation of electron microscopy that allows imaging of viruses in cryogenic solution (i.e. ethane solution cooled to near liquid nitrogen temperature) without having to grow crystals or embed samples in heavy metal salts (i.e. negative staining), using electrons to focus specimens

mus- cle. We focus on the structure of the flight muscle of the giant water bug Lethocerus indicus which is highly ordered (better than any other known candidate) and makes a suitable subject for our research techniques in using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM): electron tomography and single particle reconstruction. The helical symmetry in insect flight muscle (IFM) helps us to get high resolution structures. The techniques and procedures used for IFM will be useful in studying vertebrate cardiac

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that provide a molecular link between extracellular signals and intracellular processes. The retinal photoreceptor Rhodopsin (Rho) is one of the prime examples of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily which is a visual pigment which absorbs photons and initiates G-protein signal transduction processes that result in electrical signals processed by the brain. Rod cells, containing rhodopsin in their outer segments, mediate vision by responding

Introduction Copper and copper alloys are widely applied in instruments and machines due to its high strength, excellent properties of thermal conductivity, and low price.With the rapid development of modern industry, people put forward higher demands for Cu alloy.The demand is in both terms quality as well as quantity, for the latter part research has been focused on the improvements in extraction processes, mining from ores than further extraction of copper to its purest form to increase productivity

temperature of all primer pairs is similar to have a fruitfully multiplex-PCR process. Further innovative primers mix is hopeful for upcoming orphan strains identification and precise genotyping [14]. Regarding research, recent approaches of electron cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography, besides other assistant techniques, play a critical role in sophisticated virus research by providing more details about virus assembly, architecture, and scaffolding [36-39]; genomic material [80];

and genetics. However, little is known about the structure and function of archaeal pili. Current research has begun to focus on the archaeal pilus and its relatedness to bacterial pili, particularly the bacterial type IV pilus. Using genetic and microscopy techniques, these studies have shown comparative evidence for the differences, as well as homology, between archaeal and bacterial type IV pili. These results suggest there may be an evolutionary divergence from a common ancestral function and origin