Cyclic guanosine monophosphate

John Jayasankar AP Biology Mr. Cross Drug Paper October 5, 2014 Viagra History: Viagra also known as sildenafil citrate was originally synthesized at Pfizer headquarters in Sandwich, Kent, England by a group of pharmaceutical chemists in 1989. The two people who are attributed with creating sildenafil citrate, and who were consequently the most important in doing research and development on the drug were chemists Peter Dunn and Albert Wood. They originally composed this drug, sildenafil citrate

The heart and the liver are nearly related, What 's more this need been known for a number a considerable length of time. So, patients for intense Also incessant heart disappointment create manifestations identified with those liver. In the setting about right-sided heart disappointment a range from claiming hepatic derangements occur, known as cardiovascular cirque or congestive hepatopathy (Moller Also Bernardi, 2013). Those impact of cardiovascular cirque ahead prognosis may be not that clear

selective β2-adrenergic receptors that helps to stimulate the dilation of the bronchial vessel. “Stimulation of β2 receptors leads to the activation of enzyme adenyl cyclase that form cyclic AMP (adenosine-mono-phosphate) from ATP (adenosine-tri-phosphate)”{{{ page…direct quote)))). If there is a high number of cyclic AMP this will relax the bronchial smooth muscle. Also Salbutamol reduce the airway resistance by lowering intracellular ionic calcium concentrations”. Salbutamol also prevent the production

melatonin acts on specific receptors within the body. Depending on the cell type, melatonin will initiate different signaling pathways. G-coupled receptors, MT(1) and MT(2), are both coupled to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium, however MT(2) is also linked to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Interestingly, receptors for melatonin have been found in numerous peripheral tissues, in addition to receptors in the central nervous system12. Likewise, melatonin influences rhythmic release

areas. The specific molecular mechanism of nitrates by acting through endothelial-independent pathway to relax all types of vascular smooth muscle cells .Nitrates are converted to nitric oxide which activates guanylate cyclase producing cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) , causing increase in intracellular cGMP and vasodilation by decreasing of Ca+ levels . Also increase in cGMP cause antiaggregatory action. Nitrates are classified as rapidly acting nitrates used terminate acute attack of angina

It can be activated by cytokines, oxidative stress, pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP), glucose, amyloidogenic peptides and increased levels of NF-κB (Gerlo et al., 2011). In this scenario, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) plays a vital role in the CNS by mediating the action of nitric oxide (NO) and regulating NF-κB expression. NO in micromolar concentration exhibits proinflammatory and cytotoxic effects, and in nano molar concentrations, exerts

The physiological effects of nitric oxide were first recognized in 1876, but was not acknowledged for its physiological and medical usage until the late 20th century. Since then, inhaled nitric oxide has been used by medical clinicians for the treatment of neonates who suffer from hypoxic respiratory failure linked with persistent pulmonary hypertension and for the treatment of adults with pulmonary hypertension associated with respiratory distress syndrome. Although inhaled nitric oxide has been

What is sildenafil citrate? Sildenafil citrate is one of the drugs of choice for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. It is a selective inhibitor of cGMP-PDE5 or the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase type 5. Since erectile dysfunction or impotence is estimated to affect more than 140 million men around the world, many tend to resort to medications such as this drug. More than half of these affected men have physical or medical issues that lead to their impotence such as

sustained hypovolemic status incurred by the flow of fluid into the interstitium can lead to acute tubular necrosis, which may be the cause of decreased GFR. The overfilling theory is explained by decreased ANP that leads to an increase of cyclic guanosine 3’,5’-monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cGMP) (Cadnapaphornchai, Tkachenko, Shchekochikhin, & Schrier, 2014). Increased levels of cGMP work in opposition to ANP and cause sodium retention as well as increased plasma volume, which explains both the edema

self-image, impairing marital relation, and compromised quality of life for patients and their partners. Sildenafil citrate, the first effective and well-tolerated oral therapy for ED works by blocking degradation of the second messenger cyclic 3'5'–guanosine monophosphate. Sildenafil reversibly inhibits phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) and