Cytotoxic T cell

Cytotoxic T Cells (CTCs) are comprised of alpha beta chains that have the ability to directly kill infected cells. As a major component of the adaptive immune system, the function of CTCs are to “scan the intracellular environment in order to target and destroy infected cells”. Small peptide molecules, presented on behalf of the entire cell, are transported to the cell surface as pMHC, allowing TCRs on the surface to detect any foreign signals in the method explain above. The diagram below shows

Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is an adult onset progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by various degrees of Parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, and failure of the autonomic nervous system. MSA is classified as a α-synucleinopathy, a subset of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein (α-Syn) in the CNS (Fellner et al., 2011; MartÌ et al., 2003). In MSA, α-syn aggregates appear primarily as glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) in oligodendrocytes

The mAbs bind to antigen on the cell surface and exposes their binding sites for proteins. These proteins initiate the complement cascade and trigger the release of chemotactic factors and the formation of the membrane attack complex, which promotes target-cell lysis. Rituximab shows this activity.  ADCC mediated adaptive immunity: MAbs bind to antigen on the tumour cell surface, providing the target for Fc receptors on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells. Cross-linking of receptors with mAbs

1) What condition is the monoclonal antibody designed to treat? Ustekinumab is a monoclonal antibody that is designed to treat immune mediated inflammation disoreders. Examples of these disorders are Psoriasis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Ankylosing Spondylitis, and Crohn's Disease. All these disorders are examples of inflammatory problem due to either the over stimulation of interlukeins protein or the body sees itself as a foreign matter and it attacks itself as the result. In the case of System

1.2.0 Natural Killer Cells NK cells are one of the most sophisticated weapons in the innate immune systems arsenal however, they a short lived. Cytotoxic effector cell which resemble NK cells have been a part of the innate immune system for approximately 500 million years, long before the arrival of T and B cells of the adaptive immune system (Caligiuri, 2008). NK cells are best known for their role in the innate defense against viral infection and potential tumour cells. However, more recently

help fight cancer cells. These cells are constantly rapidly-dividing and frequently mutate to trick the immune system. Immunotherapy drugs are ment to help the immune system locate and destroy the cancerous cells.2 Cancer cells are not normally recognized as foreign because they are normal self-cells that have mutated, which causes them to no longer behave like normal cells.2 The immune system cannot recognize this occurring which allows the cells to grow and divide. Cancerous cells stay hidden by

diseases. It binds itself to T cell receptors which induce naive T cell proliferation and differentiation. This contributes to a plethora of different cells such as cytotoxic T cells, natural kill cells, and LAK cells, which protect life forms against infections and/or viruses. In 1993, an immunological analysis was performed by Sadlack and his colleagues. Knockout mice were used, meaning that their IL-2 gene was removed. This resulted in an increased amount of T and B cell counts relative to the wild

1 Introduction The target of this research is to look at the frequency of a receptor a killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) present on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells a key component of the innate immune system. This will begin by briefly discussing the innate immunity, NK cells, KIRs and their implications. 1.1 Innate Immunity The human immune system can be divided into two categories the adaptive immune system and innate immune system, however these two systems work in conjunction

necessarily infectious. However, conventional vaccines that used live-attenuated or dead pathogens were limited in safety and ability to provide an adequate cytotoxic T-Cell response. This led to the development of third generation DNA

for these cells are very complex and unique but there are similarities. B-cells produce antibodies to bind onto foreign bodies that have invaded the host organism; this allows cells such as cytotoxic T-cells will then destroy the infected cell/structure. On the other hand, T-cells such as T-helper cells that secrete cytokines to control immune responses and cytotoxic T-cells that destroy pathogenic cells and structures. B-Cells B-cells develop from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, which give