Dead and live loads

insulation, and gypsum wallboard. Asphalt shingles 3/8 in. plywood sheathing (3/8 in.) (3.0 psf/in) 2x6 @ 16 in. o.c. Fiberglass loose insulation (5.5 in.) (0.5 psf/in) Gypsum wallboard (1/2 in.) (5.0 psf/in) Roof Dead Load (D) along roof slope Convert D to load on a horizontal plane: = 2.0 psf = 1.1 psf = 1.4 psf = 2.75 psf = 2.5 psf = 9.75 psf Roof slope = 3:12 Hypotenuse = (9 + 144)½ = 12.37 Don horizontal plane = (9.75 psf) (12.37/12) = 10.1 psf [NOTE that this does

bridge superstructure is based on a set of loading conditions which the component or element must withstand. A bridge engineer must take into account a wide variety of loads which may vary based on the duration of the load (permanent or temporary), the direction of the load (vertical, longitudinal, etc.), and the effect of the load (shear, bending, torsion, etc.). In order to form a consistent basis for design, organizations like AASHTO, American Association of State Highway and Transportation

be solved. To design a safety and longevity bridges, they have to consider different types of loads, how and where they need to apply the load. They also have to undergo several steps that usually need in designing bridges such as understanding the problems, determining the potential loads of bridges, calculating the highest possible loads and calculate the amount of material need to counteract the loads. Retrofit is one of the important features of maintenance. It is can be defined as upgrading

you live or die in certain situations. One will discuss the differences between the various types of loads placed upon a structure and how they influence firefighting strategy and tactics during an emergency incident. There are many types of loads, all are important and can cause significant injuries or death to firefighters. First, there is dead load and live loads. According to Brannigan and Corbett (2015), “dead load is the weight of a building and anything attached to it and live load is movable

4.4: LOAD COMBIMATION S.NO. LOAD COMBINATION 1. 1.5(DL + LL) 2. 1.2(DL + LL + EQ-X DIR.) 3. 1.2(DL + LL – EQ-X DIR.) 4. 1.2(DL + LL + EQ-Z DIR.) 5. 1.2(DL + LL – EQ-Z DIR.) 6. 1.5(DL + EQ-X DIR.) 7. 1.5(DL – EQ-X DIR.) 8. 1.5(DL + EQ-Z DIR.) 9. 1.5(DL – EQ-Z DIR.) 10. 0.9DL + 1.5EQ-X DIR. 11. 0.9DL – 1.5EQ-X DIR. 12. 0.9DL + 1.5EQ-Z DIR. 13. 0.9DL – 1.5EQ-Z DIR. DL= Dead Load LL= Live Load EQ-X DIR = Earthquake load in X- Direction EQ-Z DIR = Earthquake load in Z-

4.4: LOAD COMBIMATION S.NO. LOAD COMBINATION 1. 1.5(DL + LL) 2. 1.2(DL + LL + EQ-X DIR.) 3. 1.2(DL + LL – EQ-X DIR.) 4. 1.2(DL + LL + EQ-Z DIR.) 5. 1.2(DL + LL – EQ-Z DIR.) 6. 1.5(DL + EQ-X DIR.) 7. 1.5(DL – EQ-X DIR.) 8. 1.5(DL + EQ-Z DIR.) 9. 1.5(DL – EQ-Z DIR.) 10. 0.9DL + 1.5EQ-X DIR. 11. 0.9DL – 1.5EQ-X DIR. 12. 0.9DL + 1.5EQ-Z DIR. 13. 0.9DL – 1.5EQ-Z DIR. DL= Dead Load LL= Live Load EQ-X DIR = Earthquake load in X- Direction EQ-Z DIR = Earthquake load in Z-

of forces operate on any bridge: the dead load, the live load, and the dynamic load. Dead load refers to the weight of the bridge itself. Like any other structure, a bridge has a tendency to collapse simply because of the gravitational forces acting on the materials of which the bridge is made. Live load refers to traffic that moves across the bridge as well as normal environmental factors such as changes in temperature, precipitation, and winds. Dynamic load refers to environmental factors that

influence of connections on the load path under both lateral and vertical loads. Precast buildings with skeletal frames system may have different forms based on the types of joint and their position as indicated in the Table 1-1. The structural joints can be idealized as either hinged or fixed and be either precast or formed at site. The performance of the precast frame systems identified as type 3, 6, 7 and 8 in Table 1-1, and subjected to lateral and gravity loads are compared with the cast in-situ

Question 1 a) What is meant by a load path? A load path is the transfer of loads and forces from the through the building to the bottom of the building, following the most direct structural path. b) Sketch an example of a load path from roof cladding to foundation for a brick veneer dwelling with trussed roof. Label clearly and indicate the load path with arrows. Diagram 1.b Page 3 Question 2 Outline the roles of the following people in the design of a building: Architect:

Week 4 Dead load refers to the load of the structure itself while live load refers to the maximum load that can be applied to the bridge before it stops being static. When taking in to account the information gained in week 3 regarding the distance between applied forces and their reaction it is made apparent that taking the live load of a structure into account becomes more complex. For example a group of hikers walking across a bridge spaced out from each other will cause a significantly different