Diabrotica

Impacts on insect bio-ecology Phonological asynchrony The major impact of elevated temperature is the associated advancement in the phenology of life history events for many plant and animal species which ultimately results in disruption of synchrony between the interacting pairs. Especially the specialists are more affected than generalist species. For example the spatial mismatch between the monophagous insect Boloria titania (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and its larval host Polygonum bistortad

INTRODUCTION Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (formerly Heliothis zea) (Lepidoptera: Moctuidae), is one of the most damaging insect crop pest in North America and causes millions of dollars of economic damage each year (Capinera 2000). It is a polyphagous noctuid pest of agricultural crops across the United States that is gaining attention as a pest of field corn (Bohenblust et al. 2013). The moth’s high fecundity, ability to lay between 500 to 3,000 eggs, polyphagous larval feeding habits