DNA ligase

the parental strand, the characteristic than can be detect isi it is a DNA strand that has been methylated. Once in a while, there will be times when the polymerase would accidentally place the wrong base across the template DNA strand during the replication of DNA. Usually it would detect it mistakes, and correct itself. But, if polymerase failed to fix its mistakes, there are some types of repair enzymes that would scan the DNA strand and proof reed the strand again. However, there might still be

parts of the plant and also anchoring to each other forming a microcolony. VirD4 protein and 11 VirB proteins make up type IV secretion system for the transfer of T-DNA and several other Vir proteins like VirE2, VirF etc to the host cell. VirD4 also promotes interaction of the processed T-DNA/VirD2 complex. As discussed earlier the T-DNA/VirD2 complex in turn transforms into the T-strand that is then transferred into the plant cell. Most VirB proteins help either in forming the membrane channel or

AquAdvantage salmon is the field name for a genetically modified Atlantic salmon developed by AquaBounty Technologies. A growth hormone-regulating gene is taken from the Pacific Chinook salmon and a promoter is taken from the Ocean Pout salmon and added to the Atlantic salmons 40,000 genes. The whole purpose of the modification of the salmon is to increase the growth rate of the salmon, without affecting its ideal qualities or size. (Genetically Modified Salmon: What is it?, 2012). Essentially, the

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease that affects the cystic fibrosis trans membrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene located on Chromosome 7, in a persons DNA. Autosomal means that the gene for CF is not carried on the sex chromosomes and both male and females are affected by the mutation. The disease is a recessive disease meaning that it requires 2 abnormal genes to be expressed; only one gene would mean that the person is a carrier of the disease. This is because the normal

A gene editing method called CRISPR, Science’s 2015 Breakthrough of the Year, is an easy and inexpensive way to cause the “DNA-cutting enzyme” to cut out specific parts of the DNA strand, therefore changing the genetic composition of an organism. Another way to use the CRISPR is to use it to deliver regulatory factors to successfully turn genes on or off and any level in between, which can help save lives by turning off deadly genes. CRISPR is currently being used for biomedical purposes, such

Selective breeding Selective breeding: the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular traits by choosing which - typically animal or plant males and females - will reproduce and have offspring together. This is the easiest but least effective short term way to select a preferred genotype or phenotype. Humans do this by taking a male and female of a species, each with a desirable trait and breeding them together in the hopes that both desirable

Process of DNA Replication   The process of DNA replication plays a crucial role in providing genetic continuity from one generation to the next. Knowledge of the structure of DNA began with the discovery of nucleic acids in 1869. In 1952, an accurate model of the DNA molecule was presented, thanks to the work of Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick. To reproduce, a cell must copy and transmit its genetic information (DNA) to all of its progeny. To do so, DNA replicates

double-stranded DNA segments. Restriction enzymes are enzymes found in bacteria that are used by the cell to cut up foreign viral DNA. Restriction enzymes recognize a certain DNA sequence and bind to that sequence, cutting the DNA at that point. The points that the restriction enzymes bind are called restriction sites. These sites usually have a palindromic sequence around six or eight base pairs long. The bacteria make use of a DNA methylating enzyme that methylates their own DNA to differentiate

the recombinant DNA technology, it includes gene therapy, which is the supply of a functional gene to a person with a genetic disorder or with other diseases such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or cancer. Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of

will be a homolog of a human gene that is important for this research. Ten homogenize files and KAc/LiCl working solution was used for the genomic DNA extraction. The buffer that was used contained ddH2O, Tris/Hcl pH7.6, EDTA, NaCl, and SDS. Cells are broken down so that the solution can release DNA. Moreover, as more cells are broken down the more DNA will be isolated. Then, mixed the KAc/LiCl working solution thoroughly and waited for 10 minutes. Separation of cell debris from the nucleic acid occurred