DNA ligase

our DNA. DNA is a double helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid comprised of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine and cytosine forms hydrogen bonds with guanine. The polypeptide strand is held together by covalent bonds. RNA is ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid essential to coding, decoding, and regulation of gene expression as well as protein synthesis. RNA is so vital to these functions because, unlike DNA, it can

along with ligase enzymes.

The main task of BER is to re-move damaged bases during replication, those can otherwise cause breaks in the DNA or mutations by mispairing in the genome. BER pathway starts by glycosylation of DNA, more accurately by uracil-N-glycosylase (UNG), whereby on the Figure 3 two alternative pathways of BER of Cy-tosine-Uracil deamination are shown. Interesting is, that the left option, which works with dRPase

Site-directed mutagenesis, also known as oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, is a technique that is used to intentionally modify a DNA sequence of a gene by introducing a site-specific mutation. The general method for producing the defined oligonucleotide mutation was developed from a combination of observations on nucleic acids, and it was in the 1978s where enzymatic extension was used as an approach to SDM, using oligonucleotides as primer (Hutchinson, et al., 1978). Since then, this technique

Transgenesis Transgenesis is the process in which an exogenous gene (transgene) is added to an organism’s genome, and it results in expression of the gene, which can then be passed down to its offspring. [1] I have chosen to research how enviropig has been manipulated using transgenic techniques. The transgene inserted into the enviropig’s genome is Escherichia coli K12’s phytase gene, this gene gives the enviropig the ability to produce phytase in their salivary glands, and it is infused in their

Nucleotide Excision Repair: This mechanism can repair the large change caused by the damage in the double helix of the DNA. The damage in the DNA is screened by the multienzyme complex, these set of enzymes scrutinizes for any kind of lesions that may appear on the double helix. These changes on the double helix are listed as; 1) Covalent Interaction of large hydrocarbons with DNA bases (such as carcinogenic molecules found in the toxic substances like smoke, tar etc.), 2) Dimers caused by the UV

recombinant DNA molecule. Endonucleases, also known as restriction enzymes, are responsible for splitting DNA strands (Gene Splicing). These enzymes are very specific, only cutting the DNA strand when it recognizes a specific sequence, producing distinct DNA fragments. These fragments have one end with a single strand, a "sticky end", that will form hydrogen bonds with a complementary, foreign DNA fragment's "sticky end" (Griffiths). DNA ligase, another enzyme, permanently joins the original DNA fragments

Introduction In this experiment, LacZ DNA segment was isolated by PCR and ligated to pET32a vector plasmid for further use in future experiments. LacZ gene has been used in wide range of experiments in the Biochemistry field. The gene produces the -galactosidase enzyme that is malleable and easy to manipulate, making it a great subject for experiments to understand the molecular genetics of prokaryotes (Serebriiskii and Rose et al.). The LacZ gene was isolated from E.coli bacteria by PCR because

could be inserted into the DNA of bacteria in order to alter the physical characteristics of the bacteria. We used biotechnology to manipulate the genetic code of the bacteria so that it would glow when exposed to a UV light. After a couple of days when the glow of the bacteria started to fade, it became apparent that the operon system that enabled the pGLO gene to take affect was stopping. Introduction Every living thing has it’s own genetic code, or DNA. DNA has a double helix structure

is a highly restrictive step due to the inadequate amount of information known about certain genes needed to enhance the genetic makeup of plants (Romero 1). Two main functions involved in this step are restriction enzymes and DNA ligase (Romero 1). The DNA ligase puts the DNA fragments back together. The second step is cloning the desired gene. The gene now undergoes a