Domestication of the horse

Background of Study Horse (Equus ferus caballus) (Wilson and Reeder, 2005) is one of the existing subspecies of Equus ferus. 45 to 55 million years ago, horse has transformed from small living being with multi-toed, into animal that have single-toed. The domestication of horses started around 4000 BC, and become common by 3000 BC. Feral horses are not real wild horses, like what people always described undomesticated horses. The only remaining true wild horse and a separate subspecies is endangered

Consequences of Domestication of the Horse. Domestication concerns adaptation, which is usually a captive environment and which is achieved by some combination of genetic changes occurring over generations, as well as by environmentally induced changes in development that recur during each generation (Price, 1984). The domestication of the horse has profoundly affected the course of civilization. Horses provided meat, milk, and enhanced transportation and warfare (Vila et al., 2001). Horse remains become

showing the first signs of domestication (Moore, 1995). Scientists have not come to an agreement about exactly when or where dogs were domesticated, but claims have been made for the appearance of tamed dogs anywhere from 30,000 to 15,000 years ago (Larson and Bradley, 2014). It is often thought that animals learn problem-solving abilities from humans. Since the domestication of the horse (Equus caballus), horses have become reliant on humans for interactions; horses look to humans to complete tasks

The evolution of the Equus genus occurred around 4mya (Orland et al., 2014), however the domestic horse split from the ancestor of the Przewalski horse at around 43-52 thousand years ago (kya) (Orland et al., 2014; Shubert et al., 2014). HOW PRZEWALSKI IS CONSIDERED WILD. The extinct wild ancestor of the domestic horse, Equus ferus, is believed to have originated in Northern America before migrating to Eurasia across the Bering land bridge (Prothero and Schoch, 2002) where they were first domesticated

vulnerable animals to ensure their survival, which would cost humans to have to catch animals for the animal, making the domestication process slower and less sustaining. Many animals are too finicky about their diet, and only eat certain types of plants or foods that may be harder for humans to retain. A disregard or a disposition for humans, is another obstacle in the way of domestication of certain animals. Many animals, are inherently hostile towards the human being, and will attack, bite, avoid, or

the capture signaled the end of the Inca nation and showed how inadequate and unconscious the Native Americans were. Pizarro, who only had a “62 soldiers mounted on horses and 106 foot soldiers”, was able to defeat Atahuallpa who was an absolute monarch with an army of 80,000.” This was because of the Europeans weapons, such as horses, steel, armor and guns that were originally unknown to the Native Americans. The defeat to the Native Americans was easy and led to the slaughter of many of them. Another

pacer, which was an excellent saddle horse because of its fast, easy gait. The Narragansett was not a value for draft purposes, unlike the second main breed called the Conestoga horse. The Conestoga was developed in Pennsylvania and was noted for its massive size, its great amount of strength, and its almost unlimited endurance. Horses were also bred for racing which was a popular form of colonial diversion. Also, with the formation of roads, more and more horses were needed to use for travel.

shaped our history today. Farming started about 10,000 years ago while hunting and gathering was still the way of life at this time. Farming lead to amazing things some including, Job specialization, population intensification, surplus food, and domestication of animals. Job specialization was a very important part to why farming was beneficial. When farming started to expand into the new way of life, this is when surplus food started to appear. When

plant domestication. More time needs to be put in to the development but once the plant and animal counts start to thrive, the end result flourishes. Domestication creates a larger food source, which can support larger populations. The food can be stored for a surplus amount creating more time for technological advancements. Diamond explains that one acre of domesticated food can feed 10-100 times more than hunter-gathers. Animal domestication can be used for pets, help with crops, and horses can contribute

necessary for agricultural life. These were the sheep, the goats, pigs, cows and horses. Each were domesticated due to the facts that they can accept leadership, can handle crowding, are okay under stress and are not too rowdy during mating season. While these animals were domesticated for a purpose, in modern times, people believe they can domesticate any wild animal and treat it like a pet. The breeding process for domestication alters the animal’s intelligence and many of its natural skills; thus creating