Endoplasmic reticulum

1. Introduction The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the central intracellular organelle providing stringent quality control systems to protein synthesis. Upon accumulation of misfolded/ unfolded proteins in the ER, eukaryotic cells have developed an evolutionarily conserved adaptive mechanism, unfolded protein response (UPR), to clear these proteins and restore ER homeostasis. The ability to respond to perturbations in ER function is critical for cell survival but chronic or amplified ER stress can

is important for cellular functions. Also, there is endoplasmic reticulum, it has 2 type: rough and smooth. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for metabolic processes and lipid synthesis.

that I will be describing include the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi bodies, centrioles, endoplasmic reticulum (both smooth and rough) and ribosomes. The cell membrane - The cell

vesicles store molecules and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus until the cell is ready to release them. “ Some vesicles enter the cell membrane whereas some don’t. Until the cell signal is released the vesicles enter the cell membrane. The vesicle structure is round and hollow. Rough and smooth E.R- Plant cells and animal cells contain an organelle called the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum. “The role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to make cellular products like hormones

Abstract Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response may be mediated by HRV16 nonstructural proteins 2B, which share similar characteristics to CVB3 2B. To understand whether HRV16 2B induces an ER stress response, a HRV16 2B fusion protein with GFP were generated and its effects on ATF6a (activating transcription factor 6a), IRE1 (Inositol-requiring enzyme 1), and PERK (PKR-like ER protein kinas) expression in BHK cells were determined. The results showed that HRV16 2B induced significantly high

GRP170 is large protein that belong to the HSP70 superfamily of molecular chaperones that are located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, these class of proteins assist with properly folding polypeptides into proteins, these chaperones are also utilized in the Unfolded Protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum. Caenorhabditis elegans contain two paralogues of the GRP170 gene, GRP170a and GRP170a. The expressions of these two loci of the gene occur at different instances and are induced

Niemann-Pick disease an inherited condition involving lipid metabolism, which is the breakdown, transport, and use of fats and cholesterol in the body is the condition in which abnormal lipid metabolism causes harmful amounts of lipid to accumulate in parts of the body. There are 3 forms of this disease: Type A, B, and C. The general focus of this paper will be Type C. Niemann-Pick’s disease Type C (NPC) is disease in which unesterified cholesterol and other lipids accumulate in late endosomes/lysosomes

Functions Based on Bolsover et al. (2004), a cell has parts, structures or organelles (Table 2) that have a respective function as a whole for life to occur (Figure 2). Generally, cells have parts such as nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and cell membrane. Different structure has different function but working as a whole. One structure cannot make life possible but many complex structures and functions contribute to the existence of

instruction of the nucleus • DNA is the building blocks of life which are found within the nucleus. The main function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum is to produce, store and transport proteins and lipid to most of the cell organelles. The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a large organelle that looks like sheets of folded membranes. There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum the Smooth ER and the Rough ER. you can distinguish that both of the ER’s are different to each other, this is shown in the diagram

What is a cell? A cell is “the structural, functional and biological unit of all organisms” (biology-online.org). The millions of cells that compose the body give life. These cells work together in synergy to perform the bodily functions God has given man to maintain homeostasis. The cells that work in harmony consist of an array of cells such as, epidermal, nerve, or muscle. As these various cells work together they form a biological machine to give life. Before the discovery the cell, many had