Endoplasmic reticulum

The universal intracellular messenger, Calcium (Ca2+ ) regulates a wide range of cellular processes such as gene transcription, muscle contraction and cell proliferation. Ca2+ diffuses into organelles such as mitochondria and the nucleus as it is elevated in the cytosol (Martin D Bootman, 2006). Ca2+ is suited to this role as an intracellular messenger as it is a divalent cation and therefore it can form more stable complexes with other compounds compared to monovalent ions like magnesium and chloride

Enduring Understanding 4.A: Interactions Within biological systems lead to complex properties. Overview Almost every aspect of biology involves interaction between different components and systems. It starts all the way at the cellular level with the interactions of cell organelles that allow a cell to function and it goes all the way up to the way different ecosystems come together to form complex communities and interactions. It is these interactions that make biological systems complex and how

different compartments of the cell, the explanation of how proteins are guided to specific organelles, and a discussion of how proteins cross cell membranes. Within a cell, the intracellular compartments are the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nucleus, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endosome, lysosome, peroxisome, cytosol, and free ribosomes. The plasma membrane encloses all the intracellular compartments within this membrane contains the cytoplasm. The nucleus contains the

Human Biology Unit 1 Assignment The human body is made up of 100 trillion cells. All cells have the same basic structure (see figure 1) however some cells are specialised to suit a specific purpose. An example of this is the pancreatic beta cells found in the islets of Langerhans. These cells are specialised to synthesise the protein insulin that is involved in the metabolism of glucose in the cells. (Layden, 2010) Figure 1 - Picture to show basic structure of a cell. (Farrabee, M J. 2007) But

The bodies of humans, animals, or even plants are very complex; it has infinitely many functions. These functions are carried out by organs; all organs in the body operate in a choreograph manner that keeps the body in a healthy state. If these functions decide to fail, life cannot be sustained. With that said, without the body’s secret ingredients the organs and the functions they carry out will cease to exist. These secret ingredient are known as cells—the fundamental unit of life. Cells are essential

Jonathan Bowers and Bo Fisher Mrs. Li Ko September 15, 2015 Life 120L Lab Report 1 Abstract The objective of this lab was to observe prepared bacterial cells and to observe and describe the primary features of eukaryotic cells. Also, we investigated the effect of concentration gradient and temperature on the rate of osmosis in an artificial system. Finally, we investigated the effect of solute concentration on the tonicity of cells in plant tissue and Elodea. The purpose of our experiments was

On October 13, 2013, three Americans won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The three Americans who discovered and won a Nobel Prize are James E. Rothman who was 62 at the time and attended Yale University, Randy W. Schekman who was 64 at the time and attended the University of California, Berkeley; and Dr. Thomas C. Südhof who was 57 at the time and attended Stanford University. Their basic research solved the mystery of how cells, which are factories producing molecules, organize a system

an external input of energy. In contrast, fluorescence does not involve biochemical reactions but instead requires an external source of light energy that is absorbed and then re-emitted as a longer wavelength. 2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/ Golgi complex • The endoplasmic reticulum is an interconnected membrane network that can either contain ribosomes on its surface (rough ER) or have none at all (smooth ER). It functions in transporting lipids (from smooth ER) and proteins (from rough ER) between

The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to James Rothman, Randy Schekman and Thomas Südhof for the work that they did on transport vesicles within the cellular membrane. The recipients discovered how the cellular transport system was organized so that transport material was delivered to the correct site with proper timing. Rothman discovered how the vesicle is able to fuse with a cell membrane or organelle to deliver its contents. Schekman through the study of yeast isolated

1 Mitochondria- Appear as tiny thread like structure under light microscope. Its wall are made of double membrane The inner membrane is folded inside to form projections called cristae which project into the inner compartment called matrix. Function : Oxidises pyruvic acid (breakdown product of glucose) to release energy which gets stored in the from of ATP for ready use. This process is also called cellular respiration. 2 Chloroplast Found in all green plant cells in the cytoplasm. Shape: