Endothelium

Investigation of the influence of the endothelium on the actions of acetylcholine and nitroprusside. Results (a) Estimate the maximum responses (Emax) and EC50 values for phenylephrine with the two types of arterial ring. Put this data in a single, self-explanatory table. Table1. Emax and EC50 values for phenylephrine. Phenylephrine | Emax in grams tension | EC50 in nM | Endothelium intact | 2.2 | 40 | Endothelium denuded | 2.9 | 10 | (c) Estimate

Introduction If the endothelium were to be considered an organ, it would be without a doubt the largest, with its 6 trillion cells, area of 5000m2, and 1kg weight. With knowledge of the endothelium stemming back to the early 1600s with William Harvey’s work on the circulation as a closed circuit with a pump and Marcello Malpighi’s observations of blood capillaries, the focus over the next 400 years was mainly on the pump itself, leading to the creation of a major clinical field – cardiology. Although

Over the past 30 years, the study of aneurysm pathogenesis and progression has become a multidisciplinary e ort involving a wide range of areas spanning from molecular cell biology to solid and fluid mechanics. The studies have been motivated by the need of providing an- swers to the following questions [12]: 1. Formation:Whatcausesarterialaneurysmstoform?Whydoonlysomepeopledevelop aneurysms and others don’t? Why do aneurysms dominantly form at specific locations in certain arteries? 2. Growth: Which

Previous studies have shown that there is an association between infection/inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This association exists in two patterns: an association between chronic low-grade inflammation/infection and the slow process of atherogenesis, and an association between acute systemic inflammation and a transient increase in the risk of an acute cardiovascular event. It has been suggested that changes in endothelial function may underly the association between inflammation

In 2014, myocardial infarctions were the second lead cause of death in Northern Ireland, proceeded only by malignant neoplasms. (Department of Finance and Personnel. (2015) They occur as a result of an imbalance between the demand for oxygen and its supply by the coronary arteries. Indeed, MI’s can occur as a result of complications with anemia and heart spasms. However, the main cause of the condition is produced as a result of atheroma. Under normal physiological conditions platelets mediate

Actions of drugs on cardiovascular preparations Introducion The experiment outlined in this report was carried out with the intention to observe and explore the effects of certain named drugs on a vascular preparation, in the cardiac region specifically. The cardiovascular preparation used in this experiment was an isolation of the descending aorta of a rat. This isolate is particularly useful as it mirrors the responses that would be observed in a human sample, thus this experiment will give

to investigate the contributions of selectins during vascular adhesion in blood flow. The first investigation used activated endotheial cells under conditions of shear to demonstrate that L-selectin mediate initial binding of leukocytes to the endothelium (Lasky 1992). Initially there is low-affinity binding followed by higher affinity binding mediated by leukocyte integrins. A second approach showed that isolated, immobilized P-selectin could mediate rolling of leukocytes in laminar flow chambers

intravascular crawling occurs after firm adhesion and before transmigration in the leukocyte recruitment cascade. At a speed of 5-20um/min, leukocyte intravascular crawling involves the lateral migration of leukocytes along the luminal surface of the endothelium, which may assist in immune surveillance as well as searching for suitable sites for endothelial crossing (Shulman et al, 2009). In order for the leukocytes to crawl, they must possess resistance against the shear flow of blood, and this is achieved

antigens which causes thrombosis, inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. MPs are released into the blood stream when activated or during apoptosis. [5] Inflammation occurs when MP brings in arachidonic acid from activated circulating cells to the endothelium which causes adhesion and diapedesis of monocytes. [2] Upon detection of cell surface marker, patients with psoriasis have high concentrations of CD31, CD105, CD41a and CD64. [2] CD31 is a surface maker for platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule

Epidemiological data The annual incidence of ARDS is 13-23 people per 100,000 in the general population and it is higher in the mechanically ventilated population in intensive care units which represents 16.1% percent in ventilated. Pneumonia and sepsis are considered as leading trigger of ARDS as pneumonia represent in up to 60% of patients and may be either causes or complications of ARDS and according to literature approximately 30% of patients with severe sepsis may develop ARDS or ALI. Other