Epidermal growth factor receptor

Introduction Breast cancer is considered as a heterogeneous disorder whose types are variable biologically and associated with various clinical prognoses and therapeutic responses (Burstein et al., 2008). Intrinsic molecular variants of breast cancer, namely luminal A, luminal B, HER-2 positive and basal-like, were found in a complementary DNA microarray study performed on 65 different breast tumors to analyze about 500 genes (Sorlie et al., 2001). These breast cancer variants were commonly approximated

when exposed to hypoxia (6). Another study revealed that lung fibroblasts produce augmented levels of TGF-b and enhanced accumulation of collagen during hypoxia (7) . In addition, molecules which are upregulated by hypoxia such as Hypoxia Induced Factor-1α (HIF-1 α) are said to be associated with malignant transformation of epithelia in other

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase receptor (ALK), Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), ERBB2, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), MET, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, RET, ROS1, and others are involved 2,3,4,5,6,7[2-7]. Based on these emerging data, many

of ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors as well as metabotropic glutamate receptor lead to neuronal cell death (Caccamo et al., 2004, Park et al., 2004). It is commonly accepted that ionotropic glutamate receptors are responsible for the harmful effect of excitotoxicity. The continued binding of excess glutamate to NMDA receptor induces the uncontrolled influx of calcium ions (Ca2+). This massive overload of intracellular Ca2+

prevalence worldwide 2012). Colorectal cancer incidence is mostly age related with chances of developing increases significantly after 50 years of age. However, small percentage of patients does develop colorectal cancer due to genetic link. Other risk factor includes gender, alcohol, food intake, smoking, obesity and lack of physical activity. Over the past decade incidence rate of colorectal cancer remained very much static but mortality rate has been improved, largely due to early detection and advancement

Breast cancer is a disease that starts when an abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth occurs in the tissues of the breast. In a healthy body, cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly way, but once a damage or a mutation happens in the genetic material of the cell (which is found in the DNA) it results in cells that do not die. They continue to grow and divide uncontrollably and form abnormal cells that the body does not need. They can also metastasize, which means they invade other tissues through the

and secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus, which through a ligand-receptor interaction on the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the systemic circulation (28). ACTH eventually induces GC synthesis and secretion from the adrenal cortex (28). Cortisol is a GC secreted in humans, integral to regulating the physiological changes within the body through intracellular receptor activation

Introduction Lung cancer is a very common malignant disease around the world, which is mainly caused by long-term exposure to tobacco smoke (85% of all cases). [1] It is reported by WHO that, globally in 2012, 1.8 million people suffered from lung cancer, and 1.6 million patients died of lung cancer. [2] In cancer-related death all around the world, lung cancer ranks the top in men and second in women, only after breast cancer. [3] Statistically, 17.4% of lung cancer patients in the United States

hyponatremia and hypomagnesemia, the ones who received chemotherapy with Alkylating agents have mainly developed hyponatremia, and those who received Vinca alkaloid containing regimes are also associated with hyponatremia. Patient who received Epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody inhibitors mainly experience hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia and hypocalcemia. Other, monoclonal antibodies, such as Cetuximab, mainly cause hyponatremia. All those patients who developed the drug related Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Researcher also need to better understand the molecular mechanisms that can lead to a metastatic growth to evaluate prognosis and enable development of new treatments or prevention strategies for advanced breast cancer (Insua and Oskarsson, 2016) . Recently a novel CUB and sushi multiple domains 1 (CSMD1) regulatory protein was discovered and it may