Euphrates

The Flight into Egypt, c. 1140-144 and Holofernes' Army Crossing the Euphrates River, c. 1245 are among the Gothic arts that were painted on stained glass windows of Gothic cathedrals. The architecture of the cathedrals provided for tall walls where stained glass windows with paintings of stories in Apocryphal books were mounted. The Holofernes’ Army Crossing the Euphrates River medallion was located in Saint- Chappelle Chapel in Italy. The medallion was located in a window of the chapel dedicated

The Tigris and Euphrates rivers heavily influenced the Mesopotamian peoples, due to its distinct geography and flooding patterns. These aspects influenced Mesopotamia’s organization, societal structure, and even the cosmic attitudes and religion of the Mesopotamians. The Tigris River is very rough, turbulent, and had relatively high banks in comparison to the Euphrates River. The Euphrates, however, flowed in a much calmer manner, and had lower banks. This makes the Euphrates River more suitable

major rivers: the Nile, located within geographical area that is Egypt; as well as, the Tigris and Euphrates, which are located within what is modern day Iran,

depended on the rivers that flowed by them, and these rivers changed the civilizations completely. Mesopotamian society was dependent on the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, while Egyptian society was dependent on the Nile. These rivers let the two civilizations create very different agricultural systems, social classes, religions, and governments. Both the Euphrates and the Tigris Rivers gave way to the first Mesopotamian cities and temples due to the rich and fertile land. The Tigris River, which is located

to explain life’s extremities. The justification ancient civilization used for explaining their existence, are still prominent in western society today. Mesopotamia means Land between Two Rivers, it is located directly between the Tigris and the Euphrates, but the land extends for miles past the rivers. Ancient Mesopotamia is the first civilization known to man, established around 4500 BC. The physical environment in Mesopotamia was extremely harsh and detrimental to the life that lived there. The

Latif and Phil Sands). For human factors, the two main rivers that keep Iraq alive, the Tigris and the Euphrates, have been having reduced water flows. Recently, Turkey have been “battling its own water crisis,” (Joost Jongerden) The same is also true for Syria as it’s also drawing in water from the Tigris and the Euphrates (John Vidal). With Turkey and Syria at the upstream of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and Iraq at the downstream, Iraq is unable to match up with the efforts of Turkey’s and Syria’s

establish traditions and activities that have come to be basic elements of what we call civilization (David A. Leeming, pg 247). This idea of civilization began to spread is now the basis of human life today. They settled between the Tigris and Euphrates River because of the rich farmland. The Sumerians are know for creating a lot of first. The first wheel, agriculture and irrigation methods, schools in the region, and the first civilization that arose in the Fertile Crescent region. Many people

to understand. Two of the first cities ever formed can be examined in order to better understand this complex relationship between human innovation and natural evolution. Most historians consider the civilization that formed along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and was inhabited by the Sumerians to be the first city (“The Invention of Civilization, I” 3). In Egypt, conquerors battled to gain control over villages that dotted the banks of the Nile River, eventually resulting in the creation of the

A near total cessation of railroad activities after the 2003 US invasion, along with reliance on the road network to transport cargo, has further burdened the network. The total length of Iraq’s roads, excluding municipalities and those found in Baghdad, is about 49,000 kilometers. This comprises 2,084km of highways, 11,000km of arterial roads, 10,000km of rural roads, 11,000km of border roads and 15,200km of secondary roads". [2][8] (Figure.2-1) Fig.2-1: Iraq Roads Map Source; Iraq Map - Road

has always been the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, but most of the water from these rivers originates in another country. Eighty-eight percent of the water from the Euphrates River originates in Turkey, with the remainder from two rivers that enter in Syria (Francona). One expert has gone as far to say that 98% of the Euphrates starts in Turkey (Kaya). That leaves virtually nothing added to the river from water in Iraq, meaning that Iraqs supply of water from the Euphrates is totally dependant on the