Extracellular signal-regulated kinases

functions, induced brain edema and increased blood-brain barrier permeability. These detrimental effects were reduced by dexmedetomidine post-treatment. However, the neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine was abolished by inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. The conclusion in this study is that dexmedetomidine post-treatment induces neuroprotection to reduce SAH-induced brain injury. This effect may be mediated by activating

CREBBP and its significance CyclicAMP response element binding protein (CREBBP) is a gene located on chromosome 16 at the 16p13.3 locus [2][9]. CREBBP (also known as CBP) is a regulatory protein that is essential in embryonic development, cell differentiation, control of growth, and homeostasis. It is a multi-domain protein, co-activating [10] with several dozen different transcription factors (TFs). The most significant TF encoded by CREBBP is the CREB protein itself. CREB protein CREB protein

Ex. Dermatol 2011;36(7):703-07.] The mechanisms of apoptosis in PV may be based on the PV IgG-triggered activation of signalling pathways, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor activation-dependent intracellular signalling (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, and the apoptosis (FasR) pathway. However, understanding the mechanisms of apoptosis is pivotal for the development of more specific therapies.[31] The basal-cell shrinkage hypothesis and the apoptolysis theory Studies reported

The Blood Brain Barrier The central nervous system is comprised of many elements that help maintain a highly regulated environment for very specialized functions, such as communication throughout the entire body via nerve pathways (Engelhardt & Sorokin, 2009). This compartmentalization of the nervous system was first introduced by Paul Ehrlich and Edwin E. Goldman in the 1880’s, where after injecting a coloured dye into the circulatory system, the brain and spinal cord were found to be devoid of

that the total flavonols fraction from the Rosa laevigata Michx has potent antioxidant, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective and antithrombotic activities through attenuating inflammation, suppression of apoptosis and altering mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways (114). Another study showed that Rosa laevigata Michx significantly ameliorates renal dysfunction in diabetic rats (115). The protection involves increasing the activity of SOD and total anti-oxidant capacity, decreasing the levels

Temporal processing relates to the incorporation and integration of diverse acoustic signals over time. The auditory system works to address the spectral and temporal modulations of speech, identification of sound location, speech in noise, and other environmental and auditory stimuli. Temporal processing consists of the ability to sequence, discriminate, integrate, and mask incoming auditory signals (Shinn, 2003). The auditory system recognizes the location and discrimination of sounds through communication

In this study, the characterization of purified Te NRs produced by the Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes strain of Te, as a biogenic source, provided a relatively wide size range of 40-200nm (Fig. 1). The cytotoxity of biogenic Te NRs was compared to K2TeO3 by estimation of the IC50 value of the PC-12 cell line. The cytotoxicity of biogenic Te NRs was assessed at three doses of 1, 2.5, and 5 ng/ml with the purpose of evaluating the occurrence of cell apoptosis and possible underlying mechanisms that

Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome is a rare inherited autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) gene [1–4]. Patients with BHD initially develop fibrofolliculomas, typically as benign facial tumors, and lung cysts; whereby, increasing their risk to develop renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and pneumothorax [1,3,4]. The majority of the BHD patient population contain germline mutations in FLCN exon 11, a hotspot for disease causing mutations. BHD research predicts FLCN mutations

BIOC 3014 Coursework Kai et al IkB Kinase β (IKBKB) mutations in lymphomas that constitutively activate canonical nuclear factor kB (NFkB) signalling. 2014, J Biol Chem 289(38)26960-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=J+Biol+Chem+289(38)26960-72 Each question is marked out of 25%. The technique and detail parameter was subtracted from the paper directly used as a instruction and reference. 1. Discuss in detail the effects that an activating mutation in the IKBKB gene would be expected

throughout all layers of the human epidermis.14 Scarce number of studies has discussed the effect of activated LXR on melanogenesis in Vitiligo. Kumar and his associates (2010) demonstrated that LXR-α was also expressed in melanocytes and it was up-regulated in the melanocytes from perilesional skin of vitiligo patients in comparison to non lesional skin, suggesting that LXR-α might be