Factor IX

The failures of 1848-9 could be blamed on the poor leadership of Individuals such as Charles Albert and Mazzini. However there are other contributing factors that should be taken into account. Although Charles Albert seems to be successful in uniting the states of Italy to strengthen his campaign, for example, by joining Lombardy and Venetia with Piedmont and merging their armies into one in 1848, and aiding the rebels in Lombardy, his poor leadership effected the outcome of the 1848-9 Revolutions

however, an unfortunate jousting accident lead to the swift decline of the French monarchy. Henry’s successor, Francis II, was only fifteen years old on his accession to the throne in 1559. He was inexperienced and easily manipulated. Charles IX, a ten year old who relied upon the help of Catherine de Medici, his regent, then succeeded him. It was this new weak monarchy that acted as a catalyst for the many underlying problems that had been previously controlled. The weaknesses

blood clotting disorder where the blood doesn’t clot properly because there isn’t enough clotting factor VIII or IX in the blood of someone who is affected by haemophilia (ref). There are two types of haemophilia. The most common form, Haemophilia A, or Classic Haemophilia, affects people who are deficient in factor VIII and Haemophilia B, or Christmas Disease, affects people who are deficient in factor IX. Haemophilia can also be referred to as ‘the royal disease’ because it affected royal families

Hemophilia A is an X-linked disorder caused by a deficient or defective clotting factor VIII (FVIII) protein, and characterized by spontaneous or traumatic bleeding into joints and muscles [Ragni]. It causes afflicted individuals to not be able to coagulate their blood very efficiently or at all when getting an injury in which blood is exposed either internally or externally. This disease can be very dangerous and fatal because major blood loss can occur if the patient has not received treatment

In a private correspondence from George Washington to Irish politician Edward Newenham, the president responded to Newenham’s description of the violence between Catholics and Protestants in 1792 by stating that, “Of all the animosities which have existed among mankind, those which are caused by a difference of sentiments in religion appear to be the most inveterate and distressing, and ought most to be deprecated.” Two hundred and twenty-two years before Washington penned those words, those deep-rooted

a blood protein essential for clotting causes both. Patients with hemophilia A lack the blood clotting protein, factor VIII, and those with hemophilia B lack factor IX. A person with severe hemophilia has less than 1% of the normal amount of a clotting factor - either Factor VIII (8) or Factor IX (9). People without hemophilia have between 50-150% of the normal level of factor VIII or IX. There are about 20,000 hemophilia patients in the United States. Each year, about 400 babies are born with this

needed change. The hopes of the various revolutionary groups had been raised by the election of Pope Pius and Charles Albert the King of Piedmont Sardinia. However, their hopes and resulting revolutions were crushed due to many concerning factors. A crushing factor of the failure of the revolutions was the trouncing of the Piedmontese army at both the battles of Novara and Custoza. These defeats were resounding as the Piedmontese army had no chance against the might of the super power that was the

In a study titled “AAV-mediated factor IX gene transfer to skeletal muscle in patients with severe hemophilia B,” 8 patients were enrolled to further investigate the safety of intramuscular injection of adeno-associated viral vector. The study was also analyzed to determine the effectiveness and duration of F.IX levels. Seven of the 8 patients were also previously infected with Hepatitis C. Hence, muscle-directed gene therapy reduced the potential of certain complications compared to liver-directed

comes from two Greek words: haima - meaning blood and philia meaning to love. In order for the blood to clot properly, the plasma proteins also called factors need to be present in the blood. When the body forms antibodies to the clotting factors in the blood, it will stop the clotting factors from working. There are 13 types of clotting factors and they involve platelets to help the blood coagulate. Platelets also known as thrombocytes are small blood cells that form in your bone marrow to prevent

is caused by a deficiency of factor VIII (Carson-DeWitt, 2014). This deficiency can vary in severity. This is why each case of Hemophilia varies in each case. Most people have severe Hemophilia which means that the factor is functioning at a hundredth of what it should be.