Classical Conditioning and Fear Introduction Fear is common in humans as well as in animals. Species that are thinking and learning have been observed to respond to fear especially when they are subjected to something that caused them pain and trauma, which will make them behave to prevent the exact or related thing/event. Learning how fear accumulates and affects an individual has taken the interests of many studies. There are research conducted to examine how species react to pain and how they
According to the article by Schaffhausen, the brain has two basic requirements to learn a fear. The first one is the sensory systems, such as the visual system for a light or the tactile system for a shock. The second area is the amygdala as a critical region for fear conditioning. “The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped cluster of nuclei set deep in the temporal lobe that seems ideally positioned as the locus of fear learning. It receives input through its lateral nucleus from cortical areas and the thalamus
Summary Section Dissociation of Learned Helplessness and Fear Conditioning in Mice: A Mouse Model of Depression November 16, 2017 PSY 241 Tues/Thurs 11:00 – 12:15 Summary Section Introduction and Hypothesis Trans-situation is the concept of a stimulus being reinforced in one situation, and therefore this stimulus will be reinforced in another situation. In this study, the stimulus of a trans-situation is learned helplessness. In previous studies done on learned helplessness, the domain and stressors
How Lauren may have learned of her Fear of Flying? How Lauren learned she had a fear in flying? Using the Classical Conditioning theory the possibilities could be endless. Classical conditioning in simple terms is the method in which one determines why and the cause of a condition as well as what has brought it about. There are many stimulus both conditioned and unconditioned that can cause fear or other problems, but the major reason for causes regarding the fear of flying has been mentioned in
modification of synaptic plasticity by fear conditioning mice. Malinow and his group used optogenetics to focus on a specific fear circuitry. They then induced LTD and LTP in the memory circuitry to reinstate or remove the fear memory. Optogenetics is slightly different from the original tone fear conditioning. To observe the connection between memory and plasticity they induce cued fear conditioning in mice with a tone and shock. There are some main components in conditioning. First, there is a neutral
memories is unclear. To address this question, we used contextual fear conditioning (CFC) of mouse, a behavior training that induce long lasting memories. A single training session produces robust lifelong memory (8) that can be measured using automated procedures (9). Several studies have used CFC training as a model to study hippocampal-cortical communications and mechanisms underlying systems consolidation of memories. Contextual fear memories are initially stored in hippocampus and then moved to
The Theory of Reconsolidation - What is it and how can it impact on our lives? Learning is a very important aspect of humans and creatures alike. Not only is it essential to the survival and adaption into this world but it also defines who we are as individuals (Schiller et al, 2010; Tronson & Taylor, 2007). Memories from past experiences shape the people that we are today. A crucial element to learning is memory, without it we would not be able to retain information. The process of memory is very
training. Mice infused with anisomycin (n= 12) immediately after conditioning showed impairment in contextual fear memory compared with vehicle-infused animals (saline, n=18) when tested 24 hours after CFC training (DF=28, F=7.19, t-test: p< 0.05) (Figure 2A). Surprisingly, irrespective of the overall decrease in freezing percentage, mice injected with anisomycin did not show any statistical difference in the level of freezing within the first 2 minutes of the test (Figure 2B). By the third minute
cycle. Housing, animal care and experimental procedures were consistent with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Scripps Research Institute. Fear Conditioning: Contextual fear conditioning experiments were performed using a set of four modified Noldus Phenotyper (Model 3000) chambers (Leesburg, VA) with shock floors (Lattal et al., 2007). The Phenotyper Model 3000 chamber has a 30 × 30 cm floor and is 40 cm in height
Classical conditioning is a learning process that develops when two stimuli are paired together repeatedly. The first stimulus is an unconditional stimulus, which automatically evokes an unconditioned response, a natural response. The second stimulus is a neutral stimulus, a stimulus that does not elicit a response. Many people associate it with habituation and sensitization, because both of these involve a decrease or an increase to a repeated stimulus, and are classified as simple learning mechanisms